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additions to the cohort.
The form used for data collection is
attached (Appendix 1-2),
All information collected was coded and/or transcribed for'
computer input in accordance with revised and updated Coding Specifications (Appendix
1-3), and entered for analysis
as
required
in accordance with the Data Fields Layout
(Appendix 1-4).
The methods employed to contact former employees included the traditional approaches of searching company records, confer-
ring with current employees and former employees still residing
in the local communities, contacting relatives and
personal refer-
ences, inquiring of school alumni groups and professional associations, and following up with former neighbors and identified acquaintances.
Until recently determinations of survivor status by
the Social Security Administration were not feasible because of
agency policy and time constraints.
The SSA is, however, now able
and willing to undertake a search within a reasonably short time
(two
to three
months) of small groups (one hundred
to two hundred
individuals) to determine crude survival status.
assistance we were able to
Through SSA
identify four decedents whose deaths
we had not discovered by other tracing
efforts, and
to confirm as
r
alive during the first three, months of 1980 an additional fourteen individuals not otherwise ascertained to be alive as of the
31 December 1979 cut-off date.
;,
Because of confidentiality requirements the information received from the Social Security Administration is so limited that
it cannot be considered definitive.
SSA is prohibited from di-
vulging any geographical or specific current status information regarding surviving contributors or benefit recipients other than
the fact that the account is active in the most recent quarter in
such status, nor can SSA report anything more than the month,
year and county of death regarding individuals for whom death
claijns have
been processed,
5
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Design of the Study
The overall goal of the study is to determine the health status
of all persons who completed a minimum of three
months'
em-
ployment at Velsicol's plant in Marshall, Illinois at any time between 1 January 19^6 and 31 December 1979. The employment experience of such employees prior to 1946 is included for individuals
who terminated employment in 19^6 or later* three
Using the period of
months* employment
as
necessary for inclusion in the study
transients from consideration, it
cohort, primarily to eliminate
is believed that
essentially all persons experiencing significant
exposure to the general occupational environment involving Mar-
shall production of synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides
have thus been included in the cohort.
After updating the cohort roster to include qualified emv ployees hired after 30 June 1976, intensive effort was made Co
trace-and contact all.employees riot determined
time of the'original study.
to
be dead at
the.
Death certificates were obtained for
individuals who died between 1 July 1976 and 31 December 1979 and
^^?^^i^^^33^
-*--
^J^^^^^^^^^^^^^^'-^^^^
In order to evaluate relative health effects of various occu-
pational exposures -among Marshall personnel, classifications of job
types and product exposures, established
inal study, were reviewed and refined.
at the time of the orig-
Based on information ob-
tained during and subsequent to the original study, the categories
of job/product exposure were clarified to reflect distinguishable
characteristics in groups large enough to permit valid statistical
job/product classifications ultimately used .are in accordance with the Project Specification attached (Appendix I-l).
analysis.
The
'''
A data sheet was created for each individual incorporating
information as of 31 June 1976 for members of the original cohort
and relevant information as of 31 December 1979 for subsequent
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health concern which can usually be resolved only by long-term
epidemiologic research of the type undertaken in this study.
Since
com-
Velsicol*s Marshall plant studies cover the entire time span of
in the United
mercial production of synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbon-insecticides
States,
we have maximum
possible confidence that any
latent effects, if present, will have manifested themselves.
This report describes the methodology of investigation, the
techniques of analysis, and the findings and conclusions of the
resulting updated study of the mortality effects of employment at
the Velsicol Marshall plant during the thirty-four year period
of pesticide manufacture from 1946 through 1979.
1
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in 1976, a study employing different follow-up techniques was per-
formed by Drs. Wang and HacMahon of the Harvard School of Public Health.
An account of their study was published in the Journal of
Occupational Medicine, Volume 21, No. 11, November 1979 (pp.745-
748)
and reported substantially similar results,
A third independent study involving the Marshall plant has
been conducted by the University of Illinois, School of Public
Health under contract with the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH).
The NIOSH/University of Illinois con-
tract was awarded in 1976 and Marshall is one of four plants in-
cluded in the Mortality Study of Workers Employed
ine Pesticide Manufacturing
at
Organochlor-
longer minimum
Plants.. This study is based on a employment period (6 months) but covers a shorter
The follow-
overall time span including only those qualified individuals whose
employment terminated on or before 31 December 1964.
<
up cut-off date was 31 December 1976 and a report in general
agreement with our findings and those of Drs. Wang and MacMahon
was
completed in draft form in April 1980.
Velsicol renewed its direct contact with Shindell and Associ-
ates in the latter half of
T
1979
wishing to update its own study
of the Marshall plant to extend coverage to include persons corn-
^
pleting the minimum three months1 employment at any time prior to
1 January 1980, an additional three and one-half years beyond the
initial Velsicol sponsored study.
Negotiations were formalized
in memoranda of understanding in September and October of 1979,
and the follow-up work was begun in November 1979 and concluded
in June 1980.
The primary focus of the study undertaken was to attempt to
discern the long-term effects of exposure to allegedly hazardous
materials.
The acute effects of known or suspected toxic sub-
stances are generally established by pre-production testing.
The
long-term, unsuspected effects comprise the area of occupational
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REPORT OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY
VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION
MARSHALL, ILLINOIS
JAMJARY 19^6
DECEMBER 1979
Introduction
The initial epidemiologic study by Shindell and Associates of
health experience of employees of the Velsicol Chemical Corporation
at its
Marshall, Illinois plant was conducted during the period
Its purpose was to evaluate the overall
June through October 1976.
health status of all former and current employees with three months
or more
employment at the Marshall plant between 19A6 when manufacstudy cut-off date of 30 June 1976.
ture of chlordane began and the
Mortality data on Velsicol employees were compared Co the over-
all mortality experience of like segments (by age and sex) of the
U.S. population at large to determine whether Marshall-plant exposure
produced any discernible variations from expected mortality
Analysis of
from all causes and from selected significant causes.
these mortality data revealed no significant differences between
yVelsicol employees and the overall U.S. population and
supported
^the
conclusion that employment at the Marshall plant has no effect
upon the employees with respect to either the causes of death or
the overall longevity of such employees.
The observed deaths among Marshall plant employees from all
causes and from the specific causes of primary interest
(i.e.,
heart disease and cancer) were uniformly and substantially fewer
than-calculated expected deaths among comparable segments of the
overall U.S. population. These data were presented in testimony
.by Dr. Shindell on 9 June 1977 at a hearing before the Environ-
mental Protection Agency.
Concomitant with the study performed by Shindell and Associates
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70 -INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE
Subject 10 was found to have increased breath sounds and musical rates anteriorly and posteriorly over both lung fields. Close questioning revealed that he had had chronic asthma since early childhood and that he had experienced difficulty in breathing after being exposed to" hexachlorocyclopentadiene. an intermediary substance in the manufacture of these insecticides. This substance had also produced itching and burning of the conjunctivas. Routine urinalyses revealed no significant findings, and the urinary dilution and concentration tests gave normal results in every case. These findings suggest that no measurable renal damage was produced. Table 2 is a compilation of the results of the routine blood examinations. No significant deviations from the normal figures for this
TABLE 3.-Remits of Analytic Study of Air Samples Obtained
m
Cases of
AUrin.
Exposure
Atmoipheric Conwntratfolu, In V.s. per Cubic Meter
1
3
All Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons
AH Other
Organic Chlorides and
Date ol
Subject;
a,4,6.7.S.
II, 1.*. 13,1?. 19. S4.35.2-,-, Sv. 3*
Ana ol Work Operation! (manulac. turint ana IcrniultttiBt) Plant lab.l
Control lab. Sale* Mi-dee lab.
Collection S/1G/50
t/16/ 2/16/50 2/17/50
C*:culBtri Aldrfn (from B Samples)
Aldrin (from A Samples)
Any 7m
M
S.S
Si.O
IS
1.9
l.< 1.1
Chloride (l-S) 7.3
1LS A
1.?2.2S W. U. 2) 2. S. 15,1B, IT. SO.
21, 23, 2B, 31,32,33
S.7
Development lab.
Various other
2/17/50
bulldiaf
2/17/50
M 1.0 No evidence of chlorinated hydrocarbon? to atr the
10.01
B xamplpf. obtained by the chlorinated hydrocarbon eombuatlon collection techBle. obtained br the absorption technle. A tampl"s believed to hBTC been coBI
inrnonlum chlorid"
year prior to the time ol atmospheric mmplJne. th- aKsumption that probtibly be accounted lor not pr'"=cnt In the atmosphere. Surh andiK*
larre
aroounf of hydrochloric ID chemical laboratonet.
aein
altitude (5.280 feet) were seen. The blood smear ol subject 19 (a Negro) did show the presence ot a few target cells despite the fact that his total red cell count was normal. In an effort to determine whether or not these cells were significant, blood smears were done for the subjects father and mother. The mother's blood smear revealed numerous target cells, and her hemoglobin value and red cell count were low. Since this syndrome is considered characteristic of certain individuals of the Negro race, it was felt that there was no relationship between
this finding and the occupational exposure. Significant amounts of porphyrin were not found in the urine of any of the men. According to our method, none of the determined values was more than 5 micrograms per cent above our established curve for healthy persons. These findings are within normal limits.
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PRINCI-SPURBECK-EXPOSURE TO INSECTICIDES
69
KESL-LtS OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS histories and physical examinations yielded essentially Medical normal findings. Visual acuity and visual fields iverc found to be within normal limits in every case. The funduscopic examinations of the eyes revealed no abnormalities.
TABLE 2.-Results of Laboratory Blood StwSies
fifdiineoSemeglobls.
Btfl
ttfon fitte, Mm.
Blood
Celli per
leuto.
Bwd on Count ol MO Ortk r-----------------*-*----Ed'In&-
Bubjtet 1
Gm.
17.4 J 15.7 16.T IT-0
]6-S
ID 60'
Cu. 3Jin..
XIUIoni
Polymorphonoelein. cw i-------'-------tlynpbo- BM&per phlls BiBd Toltl Stf, Co. Sim, crtw
Mot
ptdii
en
%
33
10
2.43
4.58
T,2
I
e.MO
12,000
7S TO
1
50 4 CS
11
JB
B
31-
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0 0
1
U
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51 4t
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2
1S.150
8
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10
11
1{
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li.5 IB.* i8 1S.5
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10
1
t.W SJW
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7,
2S
44
77
tS SB
si
u
1
i.w
as
CI
44
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1 0 0
S 7 5 7 ?
XI
9
5.03 5.00
4.0 4.0
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tt
S
5
3
37 44
X
t
9
20^00
5.100 0
U
r
43
o
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e
10 0 7
4^T
<.
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ee
7J SS
65
48
s
62
44
* S
li
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6
U
17
16-4
6.10
2
6 3 ( 4
15.3
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<.
j^7
ff
43
19
4
5J;
15.1
T
4
<.CS
4.11 4.77 S.4S 4.S4 5.79
3.15
4^007.100 B.G
{.ISO
61
B 5
fl6 flB 60
*S
37
40
S
0 0 i 0 2 i 0 0
XI
C
lt.e 16.7 16.4
7
3
H.OOO
7.1CO
7.150
T2 H
fi<
SS 17
f3 35
S
S 4 5 f
8 9 2
a
r
IS
18.7 17^ 1C. K.2
S
8
S.SOO
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e
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Since the men examined had been exposed to the compounds in question primarily by inhalation, chest roentgenograms were taken of the entire group. In no case was there any evidence of abnormal shadows. In the case of 27 of the men for whom chest roentgenograms had been made a year prior to this study, no change in roentgcnological appearance was noted. None of the men gave histories of increased cough, expectoration or throat irritation. There appeared to be no increased incidence of infections of the upper respiratory tract
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6S
IXDi'STRIAL HYGIENE AND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE
increase may be the result of damage to the excretory powers of the liver. Therefore, it was felt that if toxic effects on. the liver were being caused by these cornpounds, such effect? would probably first be reflected in increased porphyrin
f
excretion.
METHOD OF AIR SAMPLING
Air sampling was an essential part of the tudy because it was necessary to know not only that the men were actually working near and with the various materials, but it was also important that information be obtained concerning' the actual amounts of the substances which they were likely to inhale during a working day. Two types of apparatus were employed to collect the air lamples at the various test points. When both sampling devices were wed in a tingle location, they were run simultaneously. A VViIIson combustion apparatus was used tq collect the tamplcs ("B" samples) for total chlorinated hydrocarbons in the room air. The equipment utilizes a combustion furnace to break down the chlorinated hydrocarbons. From the combustion furnace, the sample passes through a bead absorption, column containing chloride-free sodium carbonate plus chloride-free anenic trioxide. A collection rate of 1.5 L. of air per minute was maintained with this apparatus. The various individual materials in the air were collected by roeans of two glass absorbers in series ("A" samples). Collection rate for this apparatus was 0.1 cu. M. of air per minute. The length of the sampling lime with both pieces of equipment was from 30 to 43 minutes. The samples were drawn through the instrumenti by means of Willson suction pumps. At all test locations, general room air lamples were taken at the woricert* normal breathing level. In the operations building, Wt et of tests was run on the first floor near the aldrin (compound 118) reaction tanks. The other set of tests was nin on the third floor near the dieldrin (compound 497) reaction tanks. All samples that were taken in the various laboratories were collected at a central location within the laboratory in order to secure a representative test of the general room air. Sampling was done on days which were typical of ordinary operating conditions. In our opinion, these samples represented the average of possible high or low values of exposures. Chemical analysis was carried out as follows: The "A" samples were made up to 250 ml. with dioxane, and a 100 ml. aliquot was evaporated almost to dryncss in an evaporating dish. The residue was washed into standard colorimctric tubes, and the procedure for aldrin as described by Danish and Lidov * was employed- Since there is no specific chemical method for chlordan or dieldrin, these substances were determined by calculation from the total chlorine determination. The "B" samples were made up to 100 mL after acidification with nitric add and were treated with silver nitrate. They were then compared by a turbidimctric method on a model 11 spectrophotometer at 650 ntf. The numbers of milligrams of chlorine which were thus determined were calculated as aldrin (compound 118) and represented all organic chlorides and any inorganic chlorides which might have been present
8. Danish. A. A, and Lidov. R. .: Colorimctric Method for Estimating Small Amounts of Aldrin (Compound 118). Analyt. Chcm. 22:702, 1SO.
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PR1NCI-SPURBECK--EXPOSURE TO INSECTICIDES
67
measured doses of aldrin. Most of the toxicant was recovered from the liver, the kidney and fat tissue. Dicldrin exhibits an LD^ to dogs within the range of 65 to 95 mg. per kilogram of body weight.4
EXAMINATION OF WORKERS
This survey consisted of a study of 34 persons engaged in the manufacture of all these products. Of these 34, only 22 were directly exposed during the manufacturing process. Although exposure was mainly by inhalation, all three of the materials were known to come into contact with the skin. Rubber gloves had been furnished all the men, and they had been told to wash off with soap and water any material with which they might come into contact. These instructions were not enforced, and it is impossible to report how well precautions were maintained. Table 1 shows the ages of the men, the duration of their employment and the area in which they worked. Since some of the men had not received preemploymcnt physical examinations, careful inquiry concerning the state of their health at the time of their employment was deemed necessary at the initiation of this study. In December 194S routine urinalyses and chest roentgenograms had been made for 27 of the men. There had been no positive findings in any of the men of this group. The histories of the other seven men did not suggest abnormalities, The clinical and laboratory investigation included the following: 1. A complete history and physical examination, including a chest roentgenogram.
tests by the Mosenthal modification. 3. Routine minalysis. 4. Hemoglobin determination by the photoelectric method. 5. Determination of the sedimentation rate by the Wintrobe method. 6. Complete blood count. 7. Porphyrin determination by a modification of Watson's short method.*
2. Urinary dilution and concentration
A complete neurological examination was carefully carried out because it was felt reasonable to suppose that these compounds might prove similar m action to
other aliphatic and aromatic halogcnated hydrocarbons which are known to affect the central nervous system. A study of the optic nerves and disks was made. Visual acuity and visual fields were determined by standard methods. Cranial nerves were tested for any deviations from the normal, as were the neurornuscular functions of the remainder of the body. Because of the possibility that these compounds might have a toxic effect on the liver, each person was questioned closely concerning gastrointestlnal opsets, jaundice, dark urine, changes in color of the stools and pain or tenderness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Urinary porphyrin determinations were done because it is known that in certain pathological conditions there is an increase in porphyrin excretion. The exact physiological responses which prodnce this increase in porphyrins is not entirely clear. Watson^ however, has suggested that the
6. de Langen, C. D.. and ten Berg. J. A. G.: Porphyrin in the Urine as & First Symptom of Lead Poisoning, Acta. med. Scandinav. 18&:37, 1948. 7. Watson, C J.: Concerning the Naturally Occurring Porphyrins: The Isolation of Coproporphyrin I from Urine in a Case of Cinchophen Cirrhosis, J.
Clin. Investigation, 11:1%, 1935.
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.66
IXL>i\\'TR!.'}L
HYGIENE AND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE
nature; tlie chief
pathological changes were damage of the liver and
subscrosal hemorrhages.
Similar experimental information concerning aldrin and dicldrm is extremely meager. The preliminary work'* indicates that single doses 01 95 to 103 mg. of aldrin per kilogram of body weight may represent
TABLE 1.-Information Concerning Sfen Examined
Lenrtb of
SubjKt
2 3
4
Work, Mo.*
Are.Tr.t
23
Ink la Which Subject Worked
Siln itirlee 1kb. Operation U-lOl Opcrttloni elilordin, US. W Optrntioni ehlonim. Hi, 497 Operation U-101 Opcrtlon cnlor3in. 11?, 457 Op^rntion* cblerdftn, US, 497 OperkllOBi cblordBD, 11S, 497 Operation? chlordiB, 11S, 497 Development lib. Control lb. .ad p!Bt lib. Control l>b. ftnd plint 1kb. Control lib. and pilot lb. DeTelopment lib. Plnti arf PllOtt It Pl&nUkrt* Control lab. Vi6 plut lib. Control Itb. nd plut lab.
Stfti IS IS
S3
SI
30
5 C
33%
33U
SB SS
\
I
31 25 25
34 29
&
S
10 11 12
13
StVi 33^
3S%
SB 12
36 14
2
7 49 40 U S3 24 S1
2S
11 15
37 34
1C
I;
35
30
11 S5 3
IS
19
20
"I22 2S
2*
2;
SC
IB
S3
KHi
16
12
S2
51
M
22S
23
3C SO
3C
M
S
30 21 S3 23 2t
X5 S6 28
OfBcc Office Salen KrTleelkb. BSoatfty tb. Control 1kb. sd pliat lab. Control 1Kb. Lnd plant Ikb. OfflCf Control 1kb. nd plnt Ub. Silentrrletlib.
r^(lopment lib. Control lib. and pifcnt lb.
litort
W
!%
27 36
28
21 CD
Sampl room room
Officeipaea Control lib. Dd plut )u.
23
SS. 'The iv^rco nuiobfr of montbi cmploTKl wnployfd > 32.0 TdTa. T1!" avcracc Ee ol Ti^w mro rt- thirl opcraton rotatlnr bllt orlc. ud thtir dutlet BMwtittte orklor In cacb ot the units nifotloned.
the LDiio of the n-iatcrial to dogs. Kitselman and co-workers* have studied the effect of aldrin on steers, heifers, dairy cows and sheep. Tliev have described degenerative changes in the liver and the kidneys which were uniformly observed m those animals that died iro.Ti
4. Borcmann, A. R-: Unpublished data, 1930. 5. Kitselman, C. H.: Dahm, P. A., and Borgmann, 'A. R-: Toxicolopcal Studies of Aldrin (Compound 138) on Larpe Animals. Am. J. Vet Research, to be published.
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exposure was the one who filled the drums. Incidentally, this man had no complaint in regard to his health and had normal findings both on physical examination and laboratory studies. The history included a detailed search for symptoms and signs of liver damage, such as jaundice, gastrointestmal upsets, right upper quadrant abdominal pain and tenderness, undiagnosed fever and fatigue, and changes in color of urine and stool. Similarly detailed search was made for symptoms of neuritis or injury to nerves. We questioned each man as to whether or not he had reason to fear chlordane,
constant
whether he thought it had harmed him in any way, or whether he had heard other workers speak of being injured by it. We asked if it was customary for men in the plant to lose time from work because of illness thought to be due to chlordane. We were greatly impressed by the fact that no one feared the chemical. No one thought that he or any one else had been harmed by it. Significant was the fact that in the plant, the time lost from illness was negligible. The only complaint any one made was about an occasional exposure to leaking chlorinq gas. The physical examination consisted of a detailed survey of the unclothed worker and a search for skin lesions and enlarged glands. The fundi were looked at; the blood pressure was taken; and examination was made of the heart, lungs, and abdomen. Enlargement of liver and spleen and ascites were looked for; edema was looked for, and neurological and rectal examinations were made.
RESULTS
The clinical and laboratory results of the study are given in the Table. The ages of the men varied from 21 to 49 years, with the majority of the workers in the 20 to 35 year age group. None of the men had any symptoms of cirrhosis of the liver or hepatitis, nephritis, or injury to the lungs. Only one man had a mild indigestion, but that was of the typically nervous type seen every day in the offices of gastrointestinal specialists. We had no reason to believe that in the case of this one man the symptoms had anything to do with chlordane. It should be noted that in the cases of the 24 men about the only portals of entry to the body tor chlordane could be the lungs and the skin. Most men wore canvas gloves, which quickly became soiled and saturated with chlordane, and so there was a good chance for absorption through the skin. However, there were no complaints of skin irritation. The men usually washed their hands before eating. On physical examination, we discovered two men with hypertension and one with slight scoliosis of the thoracic spine. The hypertension in both cases was mild, and all the other findings of blood and urine were normal. The examination of the retinas showed no disease. In our opinion, the finding of two cases of hypertension is of no significance, since in any group of 24 men, several of whom were over 40, one would expect to see at least two cases of the usual essential type of high blood
pressure. Chest x-ray studies revealed minimal shadows in the lungs of seven men who had no symptoms, such as fever or cough, to make one suspect active tuberculosis. Also, against any activity was the presence of a normal blood sedimentation rate. In six cases there was an old pleural thickening, and in one case a possibly enlarged hilar node.
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Reprinted
from
the A. M. A. Archives
of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine November 1953, Vol. 8, pp. 480-483
Copyright, 1953, by American Medical Association
ABSENCE OF TOXIC MANIFESTATIONS IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO CHLORDANE
WALTER C. ALVAREZ, M.D.
AND
SAMUEL HYMAN, M.D.
CHICAGO
RECENT years a number of investigations have been carried out to determine the chronic toxicity of insecticides, particularly since the development of the new insecticides which are chlorinated hydrocarbons. Such tests have indicated that chlordane (l,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-47-methanoindene), when injected into animals in certain dosages, affects the liver, kidneys, lungs, intestines, and nerves in varying degrees. It appears particularly to affect the liver. Princi and Spurbeck1 reported the results of a clinical and laboratory study of 22 persons exposed for from one to three years to chlordane during the manufacturing process. The authors stated that the chemical did not produce detectable harmful effects among persons who were daily exposed to the concentrations which were encountered during manufacture of the substance. None of the organs of the persons exposed appeared to have been injured.
MATERIAL AN& METHODS
IN
We here report a clinical and laboratory study of 24 men, who while manufacturing chlordane at a plant (not the one concerned in the study made by Princi and Spurbeck) were exposed to the material for periods of from two months to five years. Because studies on animals have shown that chlordane when injected can have a particular effect on the liver, in this study we included a careful investigation of liver function. The men studied were exposed to the drug through inhalation and contact with the skin. It might be noted here that chlordane as manufactured is a dense, sticky material which has an odor but is not highly volatile. The examinations performed on April 11 and 12, 1952, consisted of the following procedures: (1) taking of a history, (2) physical examination, (3) chest x-ray examination, (4) sulfobromophthalein sodium dye excretion test of liver function, (5) thymol turbidity test of liver function, (6). total bilirubin in the blood (van den
Bergh test), (7) hemoglobin (photoelectric method), (8) sedimentation rate (Wintrobe, corrected method), and (9) urinalysis (including estimations of urohilinogen and bile in the fresh specimen). While taking the history in each case, we were particularly careful to estimate the amount of exposure to chlordane. The man who had the heaviest and most
I. Princi, F., and Spurbeck, G. H-: A Study of Workers Exposed to the Insecticides Chlordan, Aldrin, Dieldrin, A. M. A. Archives Indust. Hyg. 1:64-72 (Jan.) 1951.
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dii^^^^^f^^
TABLE I RESULTS OF PiIYS1CAL EXAMIiHATIONS 11S* WORKEPS EXPO;SED
BroaculIpaxlelD
TO
GHLORDANE
EKC
AuricuU fibriIlKtit
^ee
1. 67
Phyte*) Extnintion
Slirhl chronic c*niic ftluri
Urict
C.B.C.
N
1C lain.
46 lain.
Oep htlto noccialxtion 46 hr 24 hr,
Chert X-y
Teriodof EniploymCTit
Kyn.
10yr.
N"
26% 18% t%16%
0.2%
<%
S.B%
0
1+"
K
y
K
2. 2.
46
51
Mklftru. 1944 Slick vitica and bcrtnE di*turbTiw
Nfredt viul correction
N N V
K
N N
N
N N N
N
y
v
i+
t.
C.
E!
B"
cat*rcU
11% 1%
2,6%
4%
2%
4%
v
y
N K
Selerou of
aortemd
caiphyezm
itmIByra. 14 yn.
i+
N
N N N y
N
6.
SS
49
Jxundicc, 1B32
Hepatitit, 1645
N
N
7. 8.
fl. 10.
N N
N
1K
N N
N
rr.
14yi.
N
N
61 41
S3 S4
MJor aaputBtion mi nation Needf vuufti
Nwtive
N
N N N
N
N
17% % 18%
11%
4-6%
1%
K
1+
16 yr16 yn. 11 yn. 11 yn.
2.6%
4% 4%
11.
12.
50
Neftiv TkkeB dicit*li, dieuDieroI
K
N
N
27%
v v
N
M Auriculu- Cu-dixe fibril* cnUrfUtion scuait,
ortic elr
N N K
sm.
yr.
11 yn.
22.
14.
xe
61
1C.
46
Nwtive Nwtive NwdB vition correction
N
N
N K
N N
14%
16%
%
0
N
10%
2.6%
K N
N
1+
N N
K N
H
yr.
N
"1+
Nonni) Within DonniLl Umite
intoxication. It is important to note that the liver function tests were normal in all instances, that there were no manifestations of any nervous system disturbances or gastrointestina] or kidney disorders. Since the liver would be expected to show the first evidence of damage due to Chlordane exposure, particularly chronic exposure, and the nervous system evidence of acute exposure, it may be fairly assumed that these workers, under constant exposure to Chlordane, even though in minimal amounts, evidenced no signs or symptoms of injury therefrom.
Condutan$
1. Fifteen workers, under constant, though minimal, exposure to Chlordane over periods
ranging from one to fifteen years showed no evidence of injury to any of the organic systems subject to study. 2. Since the exposure of these workers is greater than may be expected in the use of Chlordane in the quantity and manner recommended and since they showed no signs or symptoms of toxicity, it may be stated that there is little, if any, hazard from the use of Chlordane when prop-
erly employed.
References
1. PxJNd. F.. nd BrUKBBCK, G. H.: A Study of Worker* Expoaed to tbe ImcticideB Chlordme, Aldrin, Dieldrip. ArcA. l-nd. Hyo. and Occxp- Med. 8:64, 1961. 2. ALVAIHZ, W. C., nd HYMAK, .; Ahenc of Toxic Mullfaitxtion* in WoAen Exposed to Chlordxne. Art^. Jnd. Bvs- -rf Ocwp. Mcd. 8:480. I62.
Reprinted from INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY, 33:30, 726-727, October. 1964 ^Copyright. 2964 Industrial Medicine Publishing Company)
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Survey of Workers Exposed to Chlordane
WILLIAM I. FISHBEIN, M.D. Chicago, Illinois V. WHITE, M.D. J. Terre Haute, Indiana HARRY J- ISAACS, M.D. Chicago, Illinois
E
revious studies1-' of workers exposed to Chlordane during its manufacture have shown no hazard. The present study was carried out to determine whether or not an additional fifteen workers exposed to Chlordane during its manufacture had developed any symptoms of toxieity insofar as could be determined by a careful history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. These workers were employed for periods of time varying from one to 15 years. Ten were engaged in the actual manufacturing process and five in packaging. The exposure was probably greatest in those who packaged the product.
Air
Sampling
Repeated air samplings analyzed for Chlordane concentrations by electron capture gas chromatography were carried out in areas where these workers were employed. The results were as follows:
Simple Location
Chlordine found
0.0018 microRr mi/liter of air nticrocrnr/liter of ir
2 fl. bove floor in ChJoriirtor bide.
Same
bov 8 ft. kbove floor, 6 ft- N.W. of draw-off draw-off Smll tb]e
0.0012
0.0017 mic
rams/liter of air
0.0014 microerxmB/liter of air
Method of Study
Each worker was examined separately. After questioning concerning his history of physical complaints, a routine physical examination was carried out. The laboratory tests included urine examination, complete blood counts, bromsulpha;^^in and cephalin fiocculation liver function tests, ^K-ray of the chest and electrocardiogram.
Di&cuuion
While the concentrations of Chlordane in the atmosphere surrounding these workers were not great, it must be remembered that exposure was fairly constant from day to day. Since it has been demonstrated that there is storage of chlorinated hydrocarbons in body fat, it would be expected that some storage may have occurred in these workers. As evidenced by the studies of these workers, however, there were no signs or symptoms attributable in any way to Chlordane
^'
Remits
The data are summarized in Table I.
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