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(
J
';
i
:,
..-
FIGURE 10 |
PERCENT REDUCTION OF CHLORDANE RESIDUES FROM GLASS SLIDES IN CONTACT W1TM RABBIT SKIN
0
10.
^ 300
^
h-
. '; ,; '.. .
'"'.'. '
s
;'.''"/'- '".'
:'
.
'.'^.':^ :";:...
,
",
0
3 0
UJ
Q:
-
,
":
@
>'
./
90-
\
' ^-o^^Y
X
{-
- ^'u'."
."
'
'" '.
..'; -(C)-. 50.2.ug/in2
'/
: ';'-.x~. .100.4 us/in2
:
/
-
'.
^.:.,'' .... '".' '
-'
.-.
:-^i .
A
^
"----i
i'
100
W
?g >->i-i
4
^ 8
fc
t
12
16
20
' 24
HOURS
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4.
in
The chTordane residues recovered from the coverslips are presented
Residues recovered from coverslips having no contact with
Table XX.
rabbits indicated the recovery method was accurate (Table
IX).
5.
The results presented in Tables IX and X and Figure 10.indicate
that half the chlordane transferred from the glass to the rabbit after 10
12 minutes of contact.
The decontamination data presented in Table VI
indicate that chlordane is more readily removed from the glass than from
painted surfaces.
The denuded rabbit skin maximized absorption because no
hair was present to insulate the skin from the chlordane.
This experiment,
therefore, has a built-in safety factor because it was designed to maximize
the absorption rate by using a glass surface in contact with denuded skin.
This experiment is therefore designed not to establish.an exact dermal
absorption rate but to establish a rate that equals or exceeds the true
rate.
time
The reduction of chlordane residues on the slides as a function of
v/as
analyzed by the Least Squares technique using the AFLC Rush Com-
puter.System and was found to be F(>;)=
-O.C^x^+^^ex^+O.SIY.
This
corresponds to a disappearance rate of approximately I.SVmin.
Within
the ranges'tested, this rate was independent of pesticide concentration.
G.
Maximum Permissible Household Residues of Chlordane
1.
In contaminated housing two methods of chlordane entry are likely:
(1) respired chlordane entering through the lung/ snd (2) chlordane dermatly
absorbed from-contaminated surfaces.
As discussed'previously chlordane is
absorbed rapidly through cell walls and therefore undoubtedly through the
lung and skin.
The precise absorption rates are-important here because,
knowing the allowable daily intake, the knowledge of such rates would allow
intelligent -estimates of safe residues in household air and on surfaces.
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Such absorption rates are unavailable.
Absorption through the lung must
be assumed to be very rapid because of the tremendous surface-air contact and the thin-epithelial lining of the alveoi walls.
2.
The normal adult inspires approximately 9201 liters of air per day
(Altman, 1966). Assuming 90% absorption per inspiration a 150 pound man will receive his ADI (Table III) from the air alone at a concentration of
4.112 pg/m3.
cleaning.
The faulty construction of the slab conduits precluded their The decision was made to seal the old ducts with concrete and
.
install new heating systems, including new overhead ducts, in the quarters.. This action eliminated chtordane vapors originating in the old ducts as a
source of contamination.
3.
Table IV indicates
that'wall residues averaged approximately 250
PS/SI rt in both. quarters." "At this level a-150 pound man would attain his
adjusted
ADI of 34.05 vg/day (Table XI) after 9.1 minutes of bare
(Table VIII and Fig 10).
skin con-
tact with one square foot of glass surface which continually maintained
this residue
One square foot contact with a wall
surface is a near .physical -impossibility; 1,8-2 minutes of h ft2 .contact .would give the same ADI.
This exercise is.significant because it indicates
that a five fold decrease in
wall'
residues
(a mean residue of 50 ^ig/ft2
would not exceed the corrected ADI of
^
150 pound man if he had 90 minutes
of bare skin contact with one-half square foot of glass
watt). As mentioned
Since
above contact with painted surfaces would greatly lessen absorption.
people do not come in direct skin contact with h ft2 wall surfaces for 90.8
minutes/day, 50 yg/ft2 is certainly a safe level on house walls for adults.
4.
This same exposure level of 50 yg/ft^min would supply the
(cor-
rected) ADI of a 20 pound child with h -ft2 contact in about .12
7fi
minutes.
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TABLE ^1
Maximum Acceptable Non-Food Chlordane Intakes Assuming 0.5 ug/kg Dally Intake With ths D1et20
Wt Lbs
5
10
20
Wt. Kg
2.27
4.54
9.08
Us
Chtordane/Day in Excess of Food
1.'135
2.27
-.
4.54 9.08
18.16
40
80
18.16
36.32
45.4
54.48
100 120 140 150
200
.
22.70
27.24
-.63.56 68.10
31.78
34.05
90.8C
45.40
77
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The TLV of chlordane -is 0.5 mg/m3. hold contamination because:
a.
This value is not applicable to house"'
The TLV of chlordane refers only to respired exposures but'a
"Skin" notation indicates that dermal absorption does occur.
The literature
-and data cited indicate that chlordane is dermally absorbed very rapidly,
at least as quickly as through the alimentary tract.
b. The TLV values refer to industrial worker exposures, i.e., 8
hr/day, 5 day workweek, whereas 24 hr/day, 7 day workweek exposures must be
assumed in the home. The TLV values also assume adult exposures whereas' In
the home, infant and fetal exposures may occur.
2.
For all these reasons it is obvious that household levels must be
much below the TLV of 0.5
mg/rn3. A value more appropriate for chronic
(.^
household exposure is'the AD I of the Joint Meeting of the FAO (Food and
Agriculture Organization) Working Party and the WHO (World Health Organiza"
tion) Expert Committee.
The ADI is, "... the daily intake which, during
an entire lifetimes appears to be without appreciable risk on the basis of
all the known facts at the time."
The ADI for chlordane is 0.001 mg/kg.
It must be noted that this ADI includes the maximum intake for alt sources
of exposure.
Chlordane is presently a registered pesticide to be used on
many crops.
These include root, leafy and stcilk vegetables, cucurbits
(cucumbers, etc.), sugar beets, berries, tomatoes and other garden crops
(WHO
Technical Report Series ^391,
1968).
Obviously, chlordane residues
will be Ingested daily with food.
The actual amount ingested will be depend-
ent on many unmeasurable variables.
A review
of the particular residues
allowed by law on the various crops indicate that it is extremely unlikely that one-half of the ADI wilt be consumed through food intake.
79
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c
:
3.
and ceilings and 10
.
'.
'.
Assuming zero chlordane
air
.
Filed 01/05/2007
Page 11 of 51
: concentrations,. 50 vg/tt2 on watTs
The presence of children in the
vg/ft2 concentrations on floors are the maximum allow-
able residues for adult rehabitation.
.family requires residue levels of 7.0 pg/ft2 on walls and ceilings and
'undetectable floor residues. Detectable floor residues require corre-
sponding reductions in wall residues (0.5 vg/ft2 on floor, 3.4 vg/ft2 on
walls and ceilings).
4.
The Department of HEW is currently considering- recommending that
the USDA restrict the use of
chlordane,(Fishbein, 1969).
If such restric-
tions are enforced they would further reduce food residues and the safety
of the above assumption.
The above considerations indicate that 0.0005
nig/kg (0.5pg/kg) is the maximum acceptable chtordane intake in-addition
\flP
to that ingested, with food.
Table XI lists maximum acceptable chlordane
intakes in addition to that likely to be ingested with food for individuals
of various weights.
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESIDUES
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/A
Acceptable residues or
maximum
allowable levels
in
water and foods
consumed by man are of interest.
Insofar as water is-concerned in "Water-
Quality Criteria for 1972" no recommended limits for man for chlordane
were established by the Con^nittee on Water Quality^Criteria, Environmental
Studies Board of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of
Engineering acting at the request and under contract to the Environmental
(1972). Parameters for chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides were (1) long term levels with minimal or no effects, (2) calculated
Protection Agency maximum safe levels for all sources of exposure,
(4) water (see page 83).
available for chlordane."
.
(3)
intake from diet.and
Note the following statement, "Only data from studies using rats were
Also as is -a standard practice in toxicology,
the minimal effects teve'i for chlordane and certain other organochlorine
pesticides were adjusted by
a. factor
of 1 to 500
(1/500). This provides
an added margin of safety since ".... no adequate human'data are available
for comparison." (emphasis added)
See page 83 for the tabulation of the
Edwards
National Academy of Sciences data.
(1970) states that a permis-
sible level for chlordane in public water supplies is three nanograms per
liter while complete absence of chlordane is the desirable criteria.
Acceptable chlordane residues for various foods are contained in 40 CFR
180.122.
See page 84 for "Tolerances and Guidelines" as listed in Title 40,
See also page85 for the actual values
Code of Federal Regulations Part 180.
reported in .parts per million which are acceptable for various vegetables,
fruits, nuts, and animal fat for several species.
These are administrative
guidelines.
listed
VJ
Tolerances which are stilt pending for certain of the above
included.
foods.are also
82
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Pestlddesfn
'T45LS JI-'^-^ecommen^zd limits/or Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides
Ca'njia ld miimum
ttintit
L wt-lani |*it*b
1)l Mix*) ml!feti
tram
RiliftCf
Safstj ftrtw
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latAt [TBtIl dill
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e'lAi^o3j
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(2)
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i/sa
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Hn Dei M to:
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o.cn
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M
1/5BO l/sai 1/5C3 ,1/SM
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c.coia e.cawi
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6.CS1
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1.3
DS
Mill Bit
C.3
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fl.17
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tl.S' SE.O K.B
t,QV
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3.K?'
l&OEHD: ham* Wtrihl ol nt(L3 l;r*'ri I
fetumi*r! ypriri Idf crnoo'tfUf Hd&. / lldiurtrf tw inlireflWEmi la H. fatii&
IMO^ iSaiij lood CSUIC:|EW e! nt-
RSFEHEKCES: 0) Iriino" (ISii^
0 HiiiiMlSolnBW(t3))s*
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MLMBiiabart-Alt.
T la!rqui(it eeewrwa ift tno ('jufit-
-
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extrapolated human intake that would be equivalent to that causing minimal toxic effects in rosTimals (rats and dogs). For comparison, the dietary levels are converted to mg/kg body weight/day. Aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor cpoxide, and llndane had lower minimal effect and no-effect levels in dogs than m rats; whereas for DDT, mcthoxychlor, and toxaphene the converse was observed. H-ptachJor was equally toxic to both species. Qnly data from jtudies using rats were available for chlordane. Such data from human and animal investigations have been used to derive exposure standards, as for drinking vrater, by adjusting for factors thst influence toxicity such a? inter- and intra-species variability, length of exposure, and extensiv-ness of the studies. To determine a safe ex^)3\ level for man, conventionaHy, a factor of 0.1 is lied to human data where no effects have been observed; hsrcas 0.01 is applied to animal data when adequate numan data, arc available for corrob oration. A factor of l/jQO^is generaHy_uscd on animal data when no^ adequate
basis of the
and comparable
Thus the human data for aldrin, dieldrin, 3DDT, and methoxychlor arc adjusted by 0.1, ar.d the' corresponding animal data for these agents are adjusted by 0.01. The mimmal eHect levels _of chJordjme^ fendnn, hep tachlor. heptachlor epoxide^lmdanej.^nd^toxaptiene. are. adjusted bY_J./500, smce no adequate human d^ata are_ayailablc_for comparisorLjThese derived, va]ues_are_ cpns'tdered t}i ma^" mum safe ^exposure Ifivels from SLn soiirces. Because these values are expressed as Tng/I;g/day> they arc readjusted for body weight to determine the total quantity to which persons may be safely exposed. Analysis of the ffiaximum safe levels (nag/mari/day) in Table 11-3 reveals that these leveU are not exactly th"; same when one species is compared with another. The
choice of level on which to base a level for water requires selection o? the lowest value from animal experimentation) provided that the human data are within the same order of magnitude and substantiate that man is no more sensitive to & particular agent than is the rat or ths dog. To then calculate a limit for water it is necessary to
hul^an
da.tp.are
available.
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TOLERANCES AND GUIDELINES
PESTICIDE RESIDUE TOLEPJINCES FOR RAW AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ASS. LISTED IN TITL2 ^.0, CODS OF- FEDERAL REGULATIONS. PART 180. FORMAL TOLERANCES FOR PEST. ICID2 RESIDUES IN PROCESSED FOODS ARE LISTED IN IITLS 21, CODE O? FEDERAL REGULATIONS. PART 121. INTERIM TOLERANCES fcU.Y BE FOUND IM THF^E KEGULATJON&. TEi-ipORARy TOLERANCES ARE NOTED IN THS FEDERAL REGISTER WITH THB EXPIRATION DATE DF.TH2 PEIUflIT.
ADMINISTRATIVE GUIDELINES OR LEGAL ACTION LEyELS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHES FOR SOME CHEMICALS A-ND PRODUCTS FOX WHICH FORMAL TOIiERA^GES H/*VE NOT BS2N PRCt-iULGATED. THESE GUIDELINES AR3 NOT TOLERANCES. THE CRITERIA APPLX TO OBJECTIVE SAJ-IPLBS. LEGAL ACTIO?' l-'-fcY EE TAKEN AT RESIDUE LBV2LS LO-rfER SHAN THE ADMINISTRATIVE GUIDELINE IF 'T.2SE; IS EVIDENCE O? MISUSE O? PESTICIDES OR IF OTHER FACTORS APPEAR TO WARRANT ACTION.
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csLosms 40 C?3 130.122
rfH
CfS?
PPH
CEO?
Sy-barrABB
PPH
cao?"
rotatofla.
0.3
0.3
ApoXM
Apricota. -Adwas'-a
O.lClKlO
0.3 0.3 0.3
0.3
Ezg PUata
Grapes
Enlfl Eohlfabl.
0.1(3.)(M) Pu=rpicl=
0.3 0.3
0,3
Cu*.ncB
Ssdishsa
0.03tl)(H)3-.sac* Beaca 0*3 Beata (Will cr Vit^0.3 oi^b Topa) Eaafc- Grswna 0.3
0,3 0,3
0.3
0.3
0,3
(UiUi ar Vtfch-
Lettaco
cat Tops) P-adia'a Tops
f^33berr+/-si
0.3
0.3 0.3
0,3
Iiosaabarrisa
Gstt^tia
Blac^bar-tsa
EiTiebit-riaa
lEaloca 0.3 0.l(l)(H) Huabard
Q^ra
Cs3jsaa
0.3 0.3
0.3
Eutabesas (Witli or Vlihca't Tops)
R-Aabaga
(Eiieid-abwristt)
KertarAcsa
Iop
0.3 0.3
0,3
Boya-wibBcrlaa
Broccoli Erusol3 Sprints
0.1(1) (S) ^i=ac^ Sqnaaa. 0.3
0.3 0.3 0.3
StravberrittB
0.3
0.3
0,3
Cabbage Ce^rata-.
Caulinc-aw
0.3 0.3
Papayaa
Peachsa Pas-scipa
Pe^=a,ts
Susser Sqca&a.
Suwi Potfce> Suios Chacd Tocait-oos Tirraics {VUil ta-Vlth*
0,2(1) W
0.3
0.3
0,30,3
0.1(13(5)
03 0.3 0.3 03
0.3 0.3
0.3
Calssy
Cbar-isa Citaua Fsnita
0.3
0.3
Collaria
0.3
Peara Paaa pBjyra Picaapplaa
P2it=a
out Tops) Taraip Croqna
Corn
Cucunbws
.' '.
0.3
(Kraah, Pzeaaa).
Scuss=wrio
0.3
Ad^Laiatratl-ra Cttidalinaa
0.3
0.3
Cattle
Costs
(Fat) (.Fat)
0.3 0.3
Pcultey (Pat) Shcip (?at)
0.3
SiAa
(Pat)
YoleraoeM PeBdiag
Alcooda Aito&ragus Avocados EanaDA3
0.1
0,1
Cse=3ber g3Plaat3
O.Oo 0.1
Pecans Peppera
Persicaaaa Pcssegransto(R)
C.03
Barley
0.03 0.03
0.2
2S33 Fl^a
Filborts
0.06
0.03
0.2.
Po'tatoa
Beats
'Eroccoli
EnSBBfl Sprwita
C.\ O.Oo
.r
rieasaed Coata (Fat Gua-ras
KasalcsitB
0.2
Po^-ica
Eice
J^g
0.03 0.06
0.1
CabbaS*.
Caataieup Cattia [?at) Cauliflower"
0.03 0.03
0.1,
Sbaep
0.03
0.1.
Eickorr.-^ta EcgB
0.06
0.06
Soap
eao
(?at)
0.06
0.1
Sor^ssa Sc^waus
SplnACh-
Gele=7
Chastsito Collarcs
(Fat)
'.
0,1
I-ettectt
t^aagoea
O.Oo
0,3
0,1
Corn (incli^BS Field Cora, Popcorn, Suwt
Km: Pat
liastss-d GrttoBa
Co-a)
0.06
0,03 Q.I
Oats
OUTB3 Pepaiyas
0.1 G.1: 0.2 0.1 0.1
0,2
Squash
Strawb<*rris
Eusar Baata
S-rfisa Chard
.TosaAoofl
0.03
0.1
Cora roddar asd For&g9
Eta=ipa
Valiarta Vatarsalcoa VbsaA
(laclu^aa
Cottooawa
FlaLi
Corn,
0.03
0,1
Payeorti, Syoet
Corn)
0.1
0.06
Parsnips Passlan Pzttit
0.06
One area of particular interest concerns the residues of chtordane or
its metabolic products -which are found in the fluids and tissues of animals
which have grazed on pastures or other areas previously treated with chlor"
dane or animals which have consumed prepared grains winch had been treated
with chlordane.
Of unusual interest, perhaps, is cows milk since large
quantities of milk are consumed by infants and young children.
Westlake,
et. at. (1963) studied the milk of cows which had grazed on'plots of
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(
pasture treated with 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 pounds per acre.. Analysis of the
milk samples revealed, in addition to chlordane, the presence of low concentrations of heptachlor epoxide
.
'..
(less than 0.1 ppni) that persisted to
Chlordane was
the end of the experiment, eight weeks after treatment. also detected in the milk of
cows
which had grazed on the 0.5 and 1.0
pound plots, but the levels of chtordane plus heptachlor epoxide were
generally below 0.1 ppm.
1.5 to 3.3 ppm.
The concentrations in the butter fat were about
Insofar as milk was concerned the authors state that the
combined chlordane and heptachlor epoxide content was so low that the
practical significance of the residues may be questionable.
Boyd (1971) also studied the chlordane residue in soil and plants and
the concentrations found in the milk of cows grazed on this land.
A part
(ft
of this paper is quoted as follows:."The location of chlordane residues
in soil treated with this compound as we11 as 'the concentration of residues in the crown of chtordane-treated alfalfa plants were determined as part of
-a field study of a chlordane residue problem involving the contamination of
dairy herds with insecticide in Gatlatin VaUey, Montana.
The milk of cows
that had eaten chlordane-treated alfalfa from fields treated with the above
insecticide was found to contain what was described initially as heptachlor
epoxide residues (the milk contaminant in fact contained about 10% heptachlor epoxide and about 9Q% oxychlordane)."
McCaskey and Liska (1967) studied the effect of milk processing methods
on endosutfan, endosutfan su1fate and chlordsne residues in milk.
In
general, the data show a greater decrease of endosulfan and endosutfan
sulfate than chlordane during the manufacture of milk powder and evaporated
milk from raw milk containing insecticide.
Samples of milk containing endo-
sutfan and endosulfan sulfate or chlordane were manufactured into condensed,
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operated milk. .The greatest loss of insecticide occurred
uunng the manufacture of drum-dried nn1k.
Endosulfan and endosulfan sutfate
found in drum-dried milk represented a 49.7 to 70.4^ decrease, respectively,
of the amounts found in raw ro^k.
The average percent decrease of chlordane
Chlordane was more stable to
during the roller-drying process was 44.9^.
milk processing treatments than endosulfan and endosulfan sutfate.
Vogt (1972) reviewed the literature and problems.associated with the use
of.chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in the poultry Industry.
Considerable
quantities of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues- have been found in wild birds,
and studies on domestic species closely related to v/iId birds revealed reproductive effects beyond a certain residue level.
Acute poisoning of poultry
by chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides under practical husbandry conditions
has not been reported.
However, residues may be found in poultry products.
Residues of methoxychtor, ketthane
(Diodfol), tindane, technical BHC, dietdrin,
endrin, chlordane, heptachtor, and telodrin in various tissues and eggs have
been tabulated after feeding of active ingredients at various dietary levels
for prolonged time periods.
The current literature
does'not yet permit defi-
nite establishment of the maximum permissible chlorinated hydrocarbon levels
in poultry rations.
The application of chlorinated insecticides in poultry
houses should be avoided to reduce the residue level.
From the French literature, Berner (1971) states that DDT, BHC, and its
isomers, chlordane, aldrin, dieldrin and heptachlor are dangerous because of
'ligh stability and persistence, high 1iposo1ubi1ity and stow rates of etiminaion from the organism.
"Organochtorine pesticides interfere with hepatic
11s and the central nervous system.
A chlordane concentration of 2.5,mg/kg.
rses hepatic and renal lesions.
Residue determinations in food products in
87
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C
-...
'CONCLUSIONS
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After a rather extensive review of the 1i.fcer.rlt: re, it has been.found that the available information relative to illness in nan as a result of
chronic, low concentration exposure to chlordane is very limited.
Deichmann's (1972) conclusions, though made concerning DOT, are quite
appropriate wi.th respect to chtordane.
He stated, "While upper limits of.
'safe' blood and body fat concentrations of
DDT DDE
and DDD have been
established for certain mate. population groups, no such information has
been documented for .women and children, for infants and the aged, whether
healthy or i11, even though this compound has been investigated and used
extensively for nearly 30 years."
"There is general agreement in the U.S. that the quantities of DDT
ingested via PDA-controlled foods present no hazard to the health of the population.
Absorption in excess of these'dosages should be avoided.
There is essentially no
No report -of- *DOT-itis* has been documented.
information on the DDT threshold levels in blood, body fat or in in.d-i"
vidual organs, nor the period of such .exposure that will induce specific
harmful effects in males and females who may be healthy or ill and
ranging in age from m-uzoA six months (or earlier) to a century."
ATI of the statements made above apply equally as well to chlordane
another chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide.,
This reviewof the literature has revealed that the data are very
inadequate in the following areas:
a.
There have been very few, if any, epidemiological studies that
can be applied to man especially when long term, low concentration exposure
is the area of concern.
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b.
There are virtually no data
In
the pY^c.ts species insofar
as experimental studies on the effects of either acute or chronic exposure of the embryo, the fetus, the pregnant female, or ths relating
female.
c.
Other than the Threshold Limit Values
(TLVs(R)), there are no
standards for other-types of exposure except the Allowable Daily Intake
(ADI) and
d.
residue standards for certain foods
(vegetables, primarily)
intended for human consumption.
,
Specifically there are no published standards or limits for
airborne and/or contact exposure in human habitations.
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LITERATURE CITED
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Atdrich, P.O. and <3.H. Hotmes. 1959. Acute chlordane intoxication child. A/LGfi. Env/tAon. ti&a^t/i 19: 129-132.
in
a
A1tman P.L. and D.S. Dittmer. 1966. Env^LonmintcLt b^o^OQij, Amer. Soc. Exp. Bio1. Bethesda Md,'
Fed. o'f
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiem'sts. 1974. TLVs Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents in the workroom environment with intended changes for 1974. ACGIH,. Cincinnati, Ohio.
Anonymous.
1974. EPA setting cardnogenicity principles in atdrin/dieldrin suspension brief. P&AALc^de. Chejmicat Mews 2:27-30. 1967. 1: 972-973.
Poisoning by the insecticide chtordane.
Barnes, B.
Me.d. J. Ao&;C.
Barnett, J.R. and H.W. Dorough. 1974. Metabolism of chlordane in rats.
J.
A^.
Food Ctoi. 22: 612-619.
.-_
Belt, Alan and A.T. Jones. 1958. Fumigation with dichloroethyt ether and chlordane: Hysterical sequelae. M&d. J. AOA-. 2:258-263.
Berner, C.
1971.
A problem of major concern:-Pesticide residues."
P^axU 60: 227-229.
Bernstein., Gerald zt at. 1968. Hepatic accumulation of t^-thyroxine in the rat; Augmentation by phenobarbitat and chlordane. Byidoc^uno-1!.OQy 82: 406-409.
Boyd, E.M. and F.I. Taytor. 1969. The acute oral toxicity of chlordane in albino rats fed for 28 days from weaning on a protein-deficient diet. Ind. M&d. SU^Q. 38: 434-441./
Boyd, J.C. 1971. Field study of a c'hlordane residue problem: Soil and plant relationships. Bu^&. Env-c^on.. Coyitam. Tox^co^.. 6: 177-182.
Burns, J.J. 1966. Interaction of environmental agents and drugs. P/iyUo^., Env-
Cameron, G.R. and K.K. Cheng. 1951. Failure of oral DDT to induce toxic changes in rats. B/LLI. Mc.d. J. 2: 819-821.
93
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darks, E.G.C. 1969. l^ota^ion aw4, ^dwtt^ca^ion Pharmaceutical Press, London, p. 247-248.
oi d/m^.
The
Conney, A.H. ^t at, 1.966. Decreased central depressant effect of progesterone and other steroids in rats pretreated with drugs and .insecticides. J. Pha^.mac.oi, Exp. Tfie/L. 154: 310-318.
Cram, Richard L. &t at, 1965. Stimulation by -chlordahe of hepatic drug metabolism in the squirrel monkey. J.. Lab CUn. Me.d. 68: 908-911.
Curley, A. and L.K. Garretson. 1969. Env^ion. HfLaJUk 18: 211-215.
Acute chlordsne poisoning.
A^i.
Dadey, J.L. and A.G: Kammer. 1953. Chtordane intoxication: A report of a case. J. Ame^. M&d. AAA. 153: 723-725.
Davidow, B. 1950. A spectrometric method for the quantitative estimation of technical chtordane. J. As^. O^c. AQA-. C^em. 33: 8S6-894. Deichmann, W.B. 1972. Toxicology of DDT and related chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. J. Occup. Med. 14: 285-292. Deichmann, W.B. and W.E. McDonald. 1971. Organochtorine pesticides and human health. Food CoAm&t. to^ic.ot. 9: 91-103.
DeLong, D.M. and P. Ludwig.
1954. Hazards involved when animals are exposed to organic insecticidat residues. J. -Econ. ntomot, 47: 1056-1057.
Dikova, R. and L. Krustev. 1972. Effect of organochtorine pesticides on the liver. .Suuwn. Me.d. 23: 35-38.
Dixon, R.L. 1968. Effect of chlordane pretreatment on the metabolism. and lethality of cydophosamide. J. VhaM. .Sc-c. 57: 1351-1354.
Doro-ugh, H..W. and R.W. Hemken.
fat of
cov/s
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7th ed.
Dreisbach, R.H.
1971. Haiidbook o^ po^mting: P-ca^no^-a a)id ^.e.oA^&izt. Lange Med. -Publications, Los Altos, Calif., p. 99-100.
Edwards, C.A. 1970. CRC peA^^t^it p^tLw^U, -en the. enu^Aom)iz. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, p. 23.
Fairhall,'L.T.
1969. lnd'M>^uit toy^ic.oioQy. Co., New York, N.Y... p. 187.
2nd ed.
Hafner Publishing
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c
Fishbei^, G.W. -1969.
Env-cAomne^to^ ti&aU/i le^-te^ 8: 24.
Fishbein, W.I., O.V. White and H.J. Isaacs. 1964. Survey of worker's exposed to chtordahe. Ind. Me.d. SUM.Q. 33: 726-727.
.Fouts, J.R. 1965. The metabolism of drugs by the fetus. Symp. Emb/u/optztUc. Ac/lev. t?/u^A, University College, London, p. 43-55.
Fouts, J.R. 1970. Some-effects, of insecticides on hepatic microsomal enzymes in various animal species^- R&v. Can, B-c-o-l. 29: 377-389. Fouts, J.R. and L.A. Rogers.
Morphological changes in the liver accompanying stimulation of microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme activity by phenobarbitala chtordane, benzopyrene or methylchloro" anthrene. J. ?kcutma.cjcsi. xp. T^ieA.. 147: 112.
1964.
Freund, J.E.
1961. Modern eJiewwtcLny ^>tatUtCc^. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Prentice-Halt, Inc.,
Gabtiks, J. and L. Friedman. 1969. Effects of insecticides on mammalian celts and virus infections. In "Biotogica-1 effects of pesticides in mammalian systems" (H.F. Kraybitt, ed.), Ann. ^.y. Aead. 5c^. 160: 254-271.
Hansen, A.R. and J.R. Fouts. 1968. Influence of 3>4-benzopyrene or Y-chtordane on the rate of metabolism on acute toxicity of aminopyrine, hexobarbitat and zoxazotamine in the mouse. P/io^maao-e. 13": 212-219.
Toy^ic.ot. Apyit.
Hart, L.6. and J.R,. Fouts.
,
1965. Studies of the possible mechanisms by which chlordane stimulates hepatic-microsomat drug metabolism in the rat. B-coctoi. Phcwacol. 14: 263-272.
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Hayes, W. J., Or. 1963. WjnJwJL haiidbook on e.con.onu.c U.S. Dept. of HEW. Atlanta, Ga.
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Hoogendam, I., J.P.J. Versteeg and M. DeVtieger. 1965. Nine years' toxicity control in insecticide plants. A^-ch.. Env-c^on. Hcji.Uh 10: 441.448.
Ingte, L. 1952. Chronic oral toxicity of chlordane for rats. Ind. tiyg. Oc-cap. Me.d. 6: 357.
Ingles L.
A/LCA..
1965. A monograph on c^.o/i.dane; Joy^ic.otoQ-ic.at and Pka-wcLCioJLoQ^c^t p/zopeA^-e^. Univ. of 111., Urbana, 111.
Kadis, V.w. zt 'at. 1970. Insecticide levels in human tissues of Alberta residents. Con. J. Fob. Heo^z 61: 413-416.
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c<
Kearns, C.W. e/t at, 1945. A new chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. J. Ec^. En/tomo-e. 38: 661-670.
Koch, R.B. 1969. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides: Ir.I'.ibition of rabbit brain ATPase activities. J. Me-u/iocten. 16: 269-271.
Kuntzman, R.C.
Kupfer, D.
e/ at. 1965. Effects of drugs and insecticides on the anesthetic action of steroid hormones. ^ndoc^iiiotcQy 77: 952-954.
1969. Influence of hydrocarbons and organo-phosphate insecticides on metabolism of steroids. Tn "Biological effects of pesticides in mammalian systems" (H.F. Kraybilt, ed.), Ami. M.y. Acod. Sc/c. 160: 244-253. ;
McCaskey, T.A. and B.C. Liska. 1.967. Effect of milk processing methods on endosulfan, endosulfan sutfate and chlordane residues in milk. J. -DcuAy Sc^.. 50: 1991-1993-.
Malina, M.A.,
J.M. Kearny and P.B. Poten. 1959. Determination of chlordane in air of habitations treated for insect control. J. Food Ckm. 7: 30-33.
P^^c/c-de. msmaaZ.
A^.
Martin, H., ed. 1971.
3rd ed.
British Crop Protection
Council.
Metvin,
W. W. Jr. 1974. Personal communication (telephone) with P.B. Polen, Vetsicol Chemical Corp., 26 Aug 1974.
Nickerson,--W.<3. and R.D. Radeteff. 1951a. Effects'of inha1ation_of chlordane vapors upon pigeons. 1/eX. Mad. 46: 184. Nickerson, W.J. and R.D. Radeteff. 1951b.. Effects of inhalation of chlordane vapors upon young chickens. !//. M&d. 46: 314, 326.
Ortega, P., W.J. Hayes, Or., and W.F. Durham. 1957. Pathologic changes in the liver of rats after feeding tow levels of various insecticides. Ame^.. Med. A^. M.di. Ya^l'iot. 64": 614-622.
Polen, P.B., M. Hester and 0. Benziger. 1971. Characterization of oxychlordane, animal metabotite of chlordane. Bot. Emu^m. Coyvtam. Toy^c.ot, 5: 521-528.
Pons, B. 1972. Decree of Oct. 2, 1972, on the use of poisonous substances. Prohibition of use of chlorinated cydodienes in
agriculture.
Phi/toma. 24: 243.
'W
^
Poonawalla, N.H. and F. Korte. 1964. Metabolism of insecticides, VIII. Excretion, distribution and metabolism of a-chtor^ane-^C by rats. U^o. Sc/c. 3: 1497-1500.
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c
-Princi, F. and G.H. Spurbeck. 1951. A study of workers exposed to the insecticides chtordan, atdrin, dietdrin. 7nd. tiyg. Oceup. ,' Me^. 3: 64-71, Rachmitewitz, M.
1970. mental conditions.
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Report of the 1967 Joint Meeting of the FAO Working Party and the WHO Expert Committee. 1968. Pe^cc-cde ^.eA-cdae^. WHO Technical. Rept. 391., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Riemschneider, R. 1950. [Evolution of "1068", of M410, or chtordane.] C;um. Ind. 64: 695-698.
Sax, N.I. 1969. Pange^.ou-5 phjopviti^ o^ ^.yidu^^u.cLt ma^t^ujSLU. Nostrand Reinhotd Co., New York, N.Y., p. 550. Sazonova, N.A.
Van
1959. Tokslchnost khiordana dyla teplokrovnykh 'zhivotnykh. [The toxicity of chtordane in warm blooded animals.] TA T^wU ^au.cJin-U^te.d Ve.z^Q.k.U^onyioQO 1vu>t. 11: 252-258.
(A ^^
Schwemmer, B., W.P. Cochran and P.B. Pbten. 1970. Oxychlordane, animal met'abolite of chlordane: Isolation and synthesis. Sci&ii^s. 169: 1087.
Selby, G. and A.T. oones. 1960. Chlordane poisoning following prolonged use for ant control at a private home. Me,d. J. AUA^;. 1: 417-419.
Stohlman, E.F., W.T.S. Thorp and M.I. Smith. 1950. chlordane. A/icfi. Ind. HyQ. Occup. M&d. 1: 13
Toxic action of
Street, J.C.
1969. Organochlorine insecticides and the stimulation of liver microsome enzymes. In "Biological effects of pesticides in mammalian systems" (H.F. Kraybi11, ed.). Aim. /O. Ac^d. Sc^.1
160: 274-290.
',.
Street, J.C. and S.E. Btau. 1972. Oxychlordane: Accumulation in rat adipose tissue on feeding chlordane isomers or technical chlordane. J. AS/L. Food C^em. 20: 395-397.
Thompson, J.F. vt oJL. 1969. Evaluation of eight gas chronistographic columns for chlorinated pesticides. J. A^^. 0^/cc.. Mzai. Ckejn. 52: 1263-1277.
Truhaut, R. 1971. Current status of the problem of the permissible or tolerable limits of potentially toxic chemical substances in the occupational environment. A/i-di.Mo^.. P-tOiS. Me-d. T/t.a.v. Secx/A.. So&. 32: 353-370.
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U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Forest and Insect Research- 'Ke.cjomn^yida.tionf- ^oft. pfi.ote.cttng wood /ui nw) CjoyL&^MLcIJLoYi ^ftom atta.ck by ^abt^Utan^an t^witel. Forest Insect Lab.,
Beltsvnie, Md.
Vogt, H.
Effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons (other than DOT and ODD) -in poultry feed. M.oh. Ge-^ae^fe. 36: 147-158. \
1972.
-
Westlake, W.E. ^t at. 1963. Chemical residues in the milk of cows grazed on chtordane-treated pasture- J. Ag^ Food Cfiem. 11: 244-246.
National Academy of Sciences-National Academy of Engineering. 1973. Wa^teM. quaLUy (^uJLv^Lo. ton. 7972. -EPA-R3-73-033. Report of the Committee on Water Quality Criteria. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
.(Literature Available But Not Necessarily Cited)
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NOTE
The following bibliography was originally compiled by:
Publications and Information Section Technical Services Division Office of Pesticides Programs Environmental Protection Agency 4770 Buford Highway Chamblee, Georgia 30341
1972
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CHEMISTRY OF CHLORDANE
101
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