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TOXICOLOGY
HUMAN EXPERIENCE.
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Chtordane is a very persistent, non-systemic stomach and contact
insecticide.
It. is non-phytocidat at insecticidal concentrations.
It is
readily absorbed -from the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract
and percutaneousty.
It is stored in the fat, the maximum levels being
There is also
attained about five days after, the beginning of daily doses.
some accumulation in glandular tissue.
Chlordane is removed fairly rapidly
from the fat with very little being detectable 20 days after cessation of
exposure.
(dark, 1969)
It is a central nervous system stimulant whose
exact mode of action is unknown but it may involve microsomat enzyme stimutation. Animals poisoned by chtordane and related indan compounds
aldrin,
dieldrin, endrin, and heptachlor
show an extremely marked loss of appetite
(A
and neurological findings(Sax,
1969), (Dreisbach, 1971).
The fatal dose for man is unknown though the fatal oral dose has- been
estimated to be between 6 and 60 grams. skin application of a 25% solution
One person receiving an accidental
about 30 grams of technical chtordane
developed symptoms within 40 minutes and died before medical attention could
be obtained.
(Sax, 1969); (Hayes, 1963).
Atdrich, F.D., et. at.
(1969) and Curtey, et. a1. (1969) reported on acute
The actual dose ingested
intoxication from the ingestion of single doses.
was unknown.
Summarized these cases showed that vomiting may or may not occur.
Convulsions commonly occur and may occur within 30 or 45 minutes.
Convulsions
may be clonic in type, recurrent, intermittent; they may occur at 4-- 5 min-
ute intervals and may last 1 to 5 minutes.
reftexia and increased excitability.
There was coordination toss, hypo-
Electroencephalograms 24 hours after
exposure, 48 hours post-exposure and 26 days later were reported as normal.
This"is unlike post-exposure electroencephalograms from patients suffering
from dieldrin and endrin intoxication where electrical activity may be
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c
abnormal for months after.exposure.
All.usual clinical laboratory tests
were not revealing. was non-linear.
In one patient'the rate of serum chlordane decline
During the first three post-ingestion days, the chlordane
fell from 3.4 to 0.138 ppm.
At 130 days, the serum
concentration was 0.03
ppm.
In one case.
urine
concentrations of chlordane were high but fell
rapidly to.0.05 ppm on the third day but a sample on the 40th day revealed
a rise to 0.13 ppm.
Serum half-life in this patient was found be to approx-
imately 88 days in contrast to an earlier report of 21 days.
(Dadey, '1953);
(Spiotta. 1951); (Hoogendam, I. et. a1. 1965).
In the Medical Journal of Australia, Barnes (1967) described the only
case in man, to the knowledge of this reviewer, which might be considered
"chronic" chtordane poisoning with intermittent acute episodes.
The subject
was a married male 47 years of age who managed his own nursery growing a wrds
variety of trees, shrubs and seedling flowers for sate.
Kis only previous
significant illness was an attack of pleurisy in December 1961. history was essentially negative.
His family
He regularly used the following insecticides in his work: (1) DDT (2)
chlordane,
(3) hormone sprays and (4) arsenicats.
Realizing the potentially
hazardous nature of chlordane, he was particularly cautious when mixing the
concentrate to make up the \% or 2% solution.
He refused to use a knaps&ck
Instead the diluted
Chlordane
sprayer because he considered it to be too hazardous.
chlordane was applied to the seed beds by means of a watering can.
was used mainly to control the mole cricket.
A surface area of more than
half an acre was treated on two or three occasions.
(, A
In June 1962 he developed a tingling
sensation of the right hand which
spread slowly up the arm leaving a feeling of weakness.
After a week or two
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the tingling feeling was followed by twitching of the hand and which then extended up the right arm. These attacks lasted for several minutes.
He
had several such episodes and then the "shaking of the arm spread to includethe right foot." There was also numbness of the face.
'In all, he suffered
approximately two similar attacks weekly over a two month period.
He did
no't seek medical assistance.
One night in August 1963 soon after going to bed,- he had a convulsive
seizure, described by his wife as starting with a loud cry, followed by
"catching of his breath" and strong spasms of "the body that shook the bed
for several minutes.
After the spasms he was unconscious for about ten
The patient was given an injection but
minutes.
A physician was called.
became very nauseated and vomited shortly afterwards.
A tentative diagnosis
of "toad stool" poisoning was made because a meal of mushrooms had been consumed that evening. The patient was admitted to a hospital but appeared completely well the
following morning and was allowed to go home.
However, four days later he
suffered a second similar convulsive episode lasting-tor several, minutes
which was also observed by his wife.
The patient was again admitted to the
hospital for investigation of the possibility of epilepsy or a cerebral
neoplasm.
A lumbar puncture, complete blood examination, x-ray studies
of
the chest, bones and skull and an arteriogram through the left common carotid
artery alt gave negative results.
having suffered
After being hospitalized for one month and
no more seizures he was discharged with the tentative diag-
nosis of ideopathic epilepsy.
An electroencephalogram a -month later showed a generalized dysrhythmia
with no localizing features.
There were no asymmetries or focal abnormalities
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and the electroencephalogram was not suggestive of a neurotoxic substance.
(As
is stated elsewhere in this review, this finding is typical of chlordane
intoxication.
In fact the electroencephalograms after a convulsion resulting
from chlordane intoxication, may be entirely within normal limits.)
In August 1963, a third major seizure occurred, with tonic and clonic
spasms and loss of consciousness.
The patient,was again admitted to the
hospital and previous laboratory and x-ray studies were repeated.
At this
time a ventriculogram was performed and an electroencephalogram was repeated.
Alt tests were within normal limits..
Finally a house physician re-examined the patient's occupational history.
In addition to
the information presented above, it was determined that the
man spent much time replanting seedlings which had been uprooted by the mote
cricket, transplanting seedlings from one bed to another and generally handling
the soil in the seed beds almost daily.
This had occurred for a period of two
years before his third admission to the hospital.
He ceased using chlordane after his discharge from the hospital.
later his electroencephalogram was.within normal limits.
One year
A year later another
electroencephalogram was again within normal limits.
:.
--.
This case demonstrates how a workman can realize the hazardous nature of
a chemical he is using, take extreme care in mixing and applying the material
but fail to appreciate that the soil and plants he has sprayed and is handling almost daily has high concentrations of the chemical.
It also demonstrates
the extreme hazard of percutaneous absorption.
The fact that the patient was a fairly heavy pipe smoker, and always rubbed the tobacco well between his palms before filling the pipe, could have
led to some inhalation of chlordane, as well as to dermal absorption via the
hands.
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In
another case also reported in -the Medical Journal of Australia, a
patient had used chlordane virtually every day for a period of ten weeks
or more in an attempt to control ants at his home. -He had sprayed around
the house three or.four times in that period and had sprayed inside some of the rooms.
The affected person was an engineer by profession and was
35 years old.
He used chlordane, one teaspoon to a pint of water
imately 0.5% final concentration
which is approx-
in a continuous hand spray apparatus.
Insecticide was used for a period of ten weeks, as described above,
'at an
average rate of one pint per day usually in the evenings.
used produced a relatively fine mist.
The spray gun
ATI around the outside of the house
Fences
Inside
was sprayed three, or four times during the period under discussion.
we.re also sprayed, sometimes at head level, but mainly downwards-.
the house three rooms, one of them being the bedroom, were similarly treated
at floor level to a distance of about six inches out from the walls.
In
addition to this, the patient .sprayed around the sink in the kitchen as well
as in the lower cupboards.
In the latter instance he took care to keep his
The smell of insecticide was noticeable
is
head outside the confined space.
throughout all this work.
(As noted elsewhere in this review, chlordane
ordortess.
The odor reported here was that of the petroleum distillate
vehicle.) The patient admitted that.skin contamination occurred at various
times but was uncertain of the extent.
It is not known just how much
chlordane was inhaled or absorbed through the skin during the application.
No analyses were made on subcutaneous fat.
On the day when the. patient became ill he had v/orked very hard in his
garden.
He had last sprayed two days before.
After a hot dinner he became
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laboratory tests were essentially within normal limits.
A lumbar puncture
was performed and the spinal fluid was not remarkable.
Subsequent to his discharge from the hospital.after approximately three
weeks, mild tingling persisted in the hands and feet.
-
By the eighth week
-he considered that he was back to normal health. The symptoms and findings were attributed to exposure to the chlorinated
hydrocarbon, chlordane.
Bell and Jones
(Selby and Jones, 1960).
describe an "epidemic" following fumigation with
(1958)
dichlorethyl ether and chtordane in a country clothing factory in New South
Wales, Australia.
In order to counteract the effects of a borer infesta-
tion, an experienced pest exterminator was engaged to spray the wooden
foundation beams of the building.
A mixture of 12% dichlorethyl ether- 2%
used.
chlordane dissolved in kerosene
v/as
The. first ingredient vaporizes
quickly and exerts an immediate toxic effect; chlordane, due to its residual
properties, minimizes the likelihood of reinfestation.
The factory was a single story building and had a floor area of approximately 18,000 square feet.
Individual manufacturing sections were separated
The building was adequately ventilated by
by partitions eight feet high.
numerous windows but because of prevailing blizzard conditions, windows were
dosed white spraying was in progress.
Between 21 June and 25 June 1956, 60 gallons of the insecticide were
handsprayed.
Pressures varied between 30 and 35 pounds per square inch.
As
a result of difficulty in reaching some of the affected timbers, it was not
possible on successive nights to spray areas of equal size. quantity used per single session was 20 gallons.
The highest.
During the final spraying
eight factory employees were working
overtime, unfit
10:00 p.m.
One was
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".-
-. .
"
affected several days later.
At no time was the pest control operator in.
<'
.
About mid-day of 25 June 1956 a young girt, age 19 years, working in the
marking room, complained of a mitd skin irritation of the chest and face.
Later she -fainted and, on recovery, was^ sent home by taxi.
hours two other workers were also affected.
Within a few
The next day, about noon,
another.girl fainted.
The ambulance was summoned and after the driver had
been inside the factory for a short time he complained of an odor-and then
collapsed.
-.
Within a short space of time twelve more employees were affected.
-
Otherswork-
developed a slight rash on the exposed skin.
Within a period of
eleven
ing days, 55 employees out of a total of 166 were affected to a greater or
0
lesser degree.
Those affected were away from work for a total of 218 days.
An investigation was launched by a doctor and a scientific officer.of
the Division of Industrial Hygiene.
During the five hours of their investi-
gation neither were adversely affected.
."
In order to exclude the possibility of carbon monoxide poisoning from 40
suspended "gas-radiators" used to heat.the factory, several tests were made
while the heaters
v/ere
operating and windows and doors had been purposely
in
kept closed.
Carbon monoxide concentrations
the workroom did pot exceed
acceptable limits.
The factory atmosphere was also sampled at multipoints for the presence
of organic chemical compounds. and it was
"Both series -of tests gave negative results
dear
that there was no toxic agent persisting in the factory
atmosphere.
It was, however, possible to detect a slight odour of kerosene."
Apart from using slightly larger quantities of the insecticide, the methods
used at the factory did not differ from the common practices of most other
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c
operators when fumigating private dwellings.
The signs and symptoms, of The eyes and skin
those affected were primarily initial local irritation.
were chiefly affected and there was transient flushing or mottling of the
skin.
Other employees were developing, or had just had, a respiratory
infection which was then prevalent in the community.
It was not clear
why the,state of mass anxiety developed.
Many employees complained of
"palpitations", "pins and needles", "hot and cold shivers", "weeping
dizziness", "shakes", or "a weak feeling all over."
One stated "I saw
all the others faint and I just fainted too."
Five physicians who attended the affected employees were interviewed;
four agreed that many of the symptoms could be explained on the basis of
mass anxiety or group hysteria.
(A
Kadis, et. a1.
(1970) reported on-the
insecticide levels in human tissue
of Alberta residents.
The levels of chlcrdane insecticide residues
(from.
diet and environment) found in adipose tissue, liver, kidney, brain, and
gonad tissue were obtained from the general population of Alberta.
The
results calculated on extractable lipid basis indicate that insecticide
storage in tissues occurred generally in the following order from highest
to lowest concentrations:
adipose tissue, liver, kidney, gonad and brain.
The mean storage level, calculated on a weight basis, of total DDT and
related compounds found in adipose tissue of the Alberta population was
4.34 ppm.
No correlation was evident between the insecticide residue levels
and the age of the individual.- No significant differences were observed in the mean storage level on mates and females.
No residue of compounds such
as endrin, chtordane, toxaphene, or chlorinated biphenyls were detected in
the specimens analyzed during this investigation.
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Deichmann
(1972) made similar
studies in Dade County, FL.
.
it
Rachniilewitz
(1970) states that chlordane has been
associated with the
development of aplastic anemia in man.
In
the Bulgarian 'literature, Dikova and Kruster
(1972) state that
has been suggested that the increased incidence of hepatitis in humans at
present is due to excessive agricultural application of organochlorineinsecticides such as DDT, lindane, aldrin, dietdrin, chlordane, and BHC.
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c
EXPERIENCE IN
(A
\-^^
.-.
INDUSTRY AND HUMAN HABITATIONS
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Since its Introduction into cornmerce in 1946, the industrial experience
with chlord&ne, both manufacturing and agricultural application, must be
described as good,
Princi and Spurbeck
('1951) studied 34 workers employed
Of the 34 only 22 were
in various areas of a plant producing chtordane.
"directly engaged 1n production processes.
The average age was 32.6 years
and the average duration of employment was 28 months.
Complete physical
and laboratory examinations were conducted.
the work areas and analyzed.
Air samples were collected in
The analyses were reported as mg/m3 for all Thus these concentrations
chlorinated hydrocarbons calculated as aldrin.
can not be applied to a situation where only chlordane is of concern.
Princi and Spurbeck state, "We do feel it reasonable to assume that under
present conditions of formulation and use, chtordane, aldrin and dietdrin
will not produce measurable harmful effects among persons who are contin-
uously.exposed to concentrations which are encountered under ordinary conditions of
use." They caution, however, that "All
(emphasis added)
ordinary precautions
should be continued, however, to prevent excessive accidental exposure and
skin absorption."
Fishbein, et. a1.
(1964) also studied a group
of workers who had been
employed in the manufacture of chlordane for periods varying from one to
fifteen years; there were a total of 15 employees.
the actual manufacturing process.
Ten were engaged in
Those employees engaged in the packaging
process probably had the greatest exposure in the opinion of the authors.
Examinations included complete physical -examinations; laboratory tests
included liver function studies. included.
Chest x-rays and electrocardiograms were
Repeated air sampling was conducted and chlordane concentrations
The results were
were determined by electron capture gas chromotography.
^
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as follows:
Sample location
'Ch1ordane Concentration
2 feet above-floor in chlordane building
1.3 yg/m3
1.2
same as above
8 feet above floor 6 feet ,N.W. of draw-off
small table at draw-off
vg/m3
1.7 pg/m3 1.4 pg/m3
The authors point out that it is important to note that the liver function tests were norma'1 in all instances, that there were no manifestations
of any nervous system disturbances or gastrointestinal or kidney disorders.
They conclude that "Since the exposure of-these workers is greater than may
be expected in the.use of chtcrdane in the quantity and manner recommended
(9
and since they snowed no signs or symptoms of toxicity, it may b stated
that there is tittle/if any, hazard from the use of
.chl ordane -when property
empt oyed."
(emphasis added)
However, with respect to the contamination with chlordane of family nousing units at W'right-Patterson AFB OH, it is important to point out that air
concentrations of chl ordane in these housing .units-.are of the same order as
those reported above for an industrial plant.
Some of these chlordane air
Concentration
concentrations are as follows:
Date
13 13 13 Tl 11 11 10 10 22
Address
Sample Location
ug/m3___
1.2 1.1
0.3
(A w
Apr Apr Apr Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep
73 73 73 74 74 74 74 74 Jul 74
Living room at davenport 309 Mosby Lane 309 Mosby Lane Living room at TV Kitchen' 309 Mosby Lane 118 Welcome Way Unreported 118 Welcome Way Unreported 118 Welcome Way Unreported 120 Welcome Way Unreported 120 Welcome Way Unreported Unreported Unreported
5.5 8.5 4.6 2.9 4.7 6.4
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Date
22 22 22 4
Jul 74 Oul 74 Jut 74
Address
Sample location
Concentration pg/m3
4.4 9.5 8.5 5.3 4.1 6.8
Apr 74
28 Sep 74 28 Sep 74 28 Sep 74
Unreported Unreported Unreported Unreported Unreported Unreported 309 Mosby Lane Upstairs bathroom 120 Welcome Way Downstairs furnace -room 120 Welcome Way Upstairs bathroom 120 Welcome Way Downstairs bathroom
Trace
'(NOTE:
Detection Limit
0.2 vg/m3)
Malina, et. at. (1959) studied the concentrations of chtordane in the
air of human habitations previously treated for insect control.
When chem-
icats.are used for the control of household pests, the question always arises as to whether vapors or dust may be present in the air of the treated
home at some time subsequent to the application.
Ma1ina,.et. at. developed
a method of analysis sensitive in the microgram (gamma) range to answer this
question.
The air from five homes.commercially treated for residu&t control
Sampling was conducted one to six months after
of termites was analyzed.
application.
The method of sample collection and final analysis are fully The gas chromatographic
discussed in this paper.
.method of final estimation
was very similar to that used for the analysis of samples collected at Wright-
Patterson AFB OH housing areas though more sophisticated and sensitive chromatographs employing electron capture detectors were used.
Five homes commer-
.daily treated with -chlordane for termite control were studied.
These homes
were located in Georgia, South Carolina and Arkans&s.
basic types of construction:
The homes were of two
(1) built directly on the top of a concrete
slab, and
(2)
built on a foundation and piers with a crawl space between the
ground and flooring.
The chlordane was applied by commercial pest control
operators following the methods of the US Department of Agriculture Forest
Service.
Water emulsions at a concentration of 1% chlordane were used.
36
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a
results presented in the following table and quoted from the paper of
Malina, et;. at. are as follows:
AIR FROM HOMES TREATED WITH CHLORDANE FOR TERMITE CONTROL
Type Home
Slab Stab
Date Chlordane
Location
Applied
Days'After
Application
Chlordane
v/Liter
Savannah GA
Aiken SC
9-22-55 5-24-56
106
Crawl space Crawl space
Savannah 6A Alken SC
9-15-55 4-19-56 ;
Crawl space
Hot Springs AR
12-1-55
12 47 83 131 112 48 82 117 166 126 126
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.040
(NOTE: y/1
pg/1)
\9
Based on this .study it would .appear that when properly applied and in the absence of unusual factors such as a high ground water table
or^very
poor subsurface drainage, chlordane concentrations in the room air of
human habitations would normally present, no inhalation hazard to occupants.
Work done by,Davidow (1950), Ingle (1952), Princi
(1951) on the toxicity
of chlordane vapors to man and other warm blooded animals (DeLong-1954;
Nickerson, et. at. 1951a; and Nickerson, et. at. 1951b) indicates that at
concentrations of 1-y
(vg) to 2y (vg) in air show no toxic effects.
\
The Threshold Limit Value, American Conference of Governmental Industrial
liygiemsts, 1974, is 0.3 mg/m3.
tive to TL'Vs:
The following quotat-ions are provided rela-
"Threshold limit values refer to airborne concentrations of substances
and represent conditions under which it is believed thst nearly alt workers
^
^^^
may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effect.
Because of
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wide variation in individual susceptibility, however, a small percentage of
workers may experience discomfort from some substances at concentrations at
or below the threshold limit, a smaller percentage may be affected more
seriously by aggravation of a pre-existing condition.or by development of
.an occupational illness."
"Simple tests are now available (*3.,0ccup. Med. 9:537, "1967; Ann. N.Y.
Acad. Sci., 151, Art 2:968, 1968) that may be used to detect those individ-
uals hypersusceptible to a variety of industrial chemicals (respiratory
irritants, hemolytic chemicals, organic isocyanates, carbon disutflde).
These tests may be used to screen out by appropriate job place the-hyper-
reactive worker and thus
in
effect improve the 'coverage' of the TLVs."
"Threshold limit values refer to time-weighted concentrations for a 7
(^
or 8-hour workday and 40-hour workweek.
They should be used as guides in
the control of health hazards-and should not be used as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations.
in Appendices E and F
(Exceptions are the substances listed
.and those substances designated with a 'C' or Ceiling
Value, Appendix
D.)"
"Time-weighted averages permit excursions above the limit provided they
are compensated by equivalent excursions below the limit during the workday.
In-some instances it may be permissible.to calculate the average concentration for a workweek rather than a workday."
"In
is
spite of the fact that serious injury is not believed likely as a
result' of exposure to the threshold limit concentrations, the best practice
to maintain concentrations of a11 atmospheric contaminants as low as is
practical."
^
,
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"These 1inr:ts are intended for use -in the'practice of industrial
hygiene and should be interpreted and applied only by a person trained
in this discipline.
for use,
They are not intended for use, or for modification
(1) as
a re^ative index of hazard or toxicity,
(2) in the
evaluation of air pollution nuisances,
(3) in
estimating the toxic
potential of-continuous, uninterrupted exposures,
(4) as proof or dis-
proof of an existing disease or physical condition, or (5) for adoption by countries whose v/orking conditions differ from those in the United
States of America and where substances and processes differ." (emphasis
added)
There is also a "Skin Notation".for chlordane indicating that 'there
is ".... a potential contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous
route including mucous membranes and eye, either by airborne> or more particularly, by direct contact with the substance."
Thus while TLVs can be and should be applied to the concentration of
chlordane in,the workroom air they can not and must not -be applied to
concentrations of family.housing units where for women and young children
the exposure is essentially continuous week.
24 hours per day seven days per
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The
reviewer
is well aware that lengthy presentations of a paper or
papers are not normally included in a review of the literature.
How-
ever, in the case of the contamination of human habitations by chlordane
emulsions used to control termites, the reviewer knows of no other paper
which presents in detail the methods used to initially evaluate the pro-
blem, the steps taken to assess its magnitude and the procedures employed
to decontaminate the quarters.' For this reason the contamination with
chlordans
and the decisions made will be clear and easily understood. The use of the allowable daily intake
.(ADI) of the World Health
Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations as.the basic value .upon which many calculations were.made is
explained.
Based upon these calculations, far reaching and sometimes
unique decisions and recommendations were made.
41
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In the
construction of housing units on prepoured concrete slabs, it
is common practice to treat one of the sub-slab layers, either pesa gravel
or compacted soil, with a,persistent organochTbrine pesticide such as
chlordane prior to the construction of the house.
However, if pre-
construction "soil sterilization" is not practiced, then termite damage
may occur at a later date.
In the latter case, a standard procedure for termite control
is to
remove alt physical evidence of termite damage and repair or replace wood or other cetlulosic structural components as necessary.
This is followed
by sub-slab injection of chlordane to sterilize the soil in which the sub-
terranean termites live.
In certain instances the poured concrete slab
may contain a number of three inch diameter fiber-board ducts for the
dispersal of warm air from an inverted plenum at the furnace.
(A
v^^^r
The sub-slab injection of chlordane is accomplished by drill ing'a
number of 3/8 inch holes through the slab in the'region of termite damage.
The positioning of the holes is determined by using engineering drawings and allowing a minimum clearance of three inches from the depicted duct
location.
Through each of these holes, approximately 15 gallons of a
'-,.
2% water emulsion of chlordane is injected under 200 psi pressure.
In the cases of two houses treated as described above, it became
apparent some hours later that the chlordane emulsion had been injected
into one or more ducts.
About four
five .hours after treatment the
thermostat-controTled furnaces "came-on" and the odor of the vehicle
usually a "kerosene-like" hydrocarbon
became very intense.
Subsequently,
the quarters were evacuated and an extensive study of the events and
'required acti-ons began.
^e
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(
1.
CHLORDANE RESIDUES IN GOVERNMENT QUARTERS
(Caflahan, 1970)
A. Measurement of Chlordane Contain! nation
Personnel from the UW Environmental Health Laboratory, KeTly
visited Webb AFB TX 25-27
AFB TX
Apr 1970.
The following data were
collected during'that period, or where indicated/by the Military Public Health personnel, Webb AFB, subsequent to these dates. The following
techniques were used to collect and analyze these data.
2.
A Varian Aerograph Gas Liquid Chromatograph (GLC), Model 660,
equipped with a tritium foil electron capture (EC) detector was used in
a11 on-site analyses.
A 5 ft 1/8" stainless steel column packed with 10%
DC-200 on 100-110 mesh Chromosorb/W was used on the initial analyses.
Temperature parameters were injector 220, column 200, and the detector
&
^^^'
210C.
3.
Over 200 residue samples were taken from various surfaces by wiping
within a 15 square inch
(5X3) template. Samples
from painted surfaces
(walls and ceilings) were taken by thorough wiping within the template using
a cotton bait dampened with hexane or petroleum ether.
samples were taken using dry cotton swabs.
On furniture surfaces,
Care was. taken to wipe each surThe .swabs were composited.
face at least four times with each of two swabs.
4.
Air samples were taken by drawing ambient air through two serially
Air flow varied
aligned impingers containing hexane at one liter per,minute.
between ducts and also across individual ducts.
Estimates of the air flow
per duct were made by dividing each duct into thirds, measuring the flow in
each third and averaging the measurements. .Flow measurements were made with
an Anemotherm, Model 60, flow meter prior to removing the cardboard liners
*^(R)
of the ducts.
43
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5.
Chlordane was extracted from the collecting cotton by saturating
the cotton with hexane and squeezing dry.
On samples run 25-27 April, the
volume of hexane was measured and the chlordane was rouohty quantitatsd
(+/-10%)
because the DC
200 column did not completely separate the various
This column had the adv&ntage of taking only ten
chiordane constituents.
minutes versus tv/enty minutes or more for each chromatogram.
On this sur-
vey, numbers of samples were considered more important than fine accuracy.
6.
More detailed analysis were made of wall, air> and clothing samples
using a,6 ft h" column packed with 5% QF-1 in a Micro-Tek Model 220 6LC
instrument equipped with a 63Ni EC detector on subsequent dates.
Instru-
ment "conditions were identical to those cited by Thompson et. a1. (1969)
whereby concentrations were quantitated by comparing the height of peak
^3 to that of a technical chlordane standard.
B.
Chlordane Residues in Ambient Air
1.
Flows from the ducts varied between registers and also varied
greatly across each register.
The chlordane delivered .to each room was
equal to the product of the concentration of chtordane/m3 X m3 air/unit
time delivered by the ducts in that room + vapors entering the room through
doors. Table I is a compilation of air flow measurements and concentrations
r
of chlordane measured from the various ducts before and after cleaning.
2.
Flow variances across individual registers caused the amount of
chlordane, the velocity of the air, and air temperature to vary on all
planes at a given distance above each heating register;
Table I indicates
that the stripping of cardboard duct liners immediately "lowered the chlordane delivery by the ducts from 48
82%.
Figure 1 indicates that the
three ducts showing the largest initial.reductions, 5, 1, and 4 respectively,
44
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v*
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45
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FIG.
^rs^3A|
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were either comparatively straight or were short.
Percent reduction was
apparently independent of residue concentration and is probably an indication of the success in removing the cardboard.
3.
This variability coupled with the number of samples analyzed make
quantitative analyses of the chlordane content of each room, wait, or
house impossible.
Such an estimate would require many hundreds of analyses
and were considered beyond the needs of the USAF.
4.
Note that before these samples were taken the hea-ting units were
removed, the ducts were rinsed with water and in Qtrs 57-B the cardboard
liners were partially removed.
These "initial" values were therefore sub-
stantially lower than the values actually delivered immediately after
contamination.
5.
Eighteen days after the cardboard liners were removed the ducts of
Qtrs 57-B, although reduced 89
of air
97%, were still emitting about 60 vg/m3
(Table I).
Obviously, additional action was needed.
On 14 Apr 70'
a protocol for further cleaning the ducts was provided.
Two alternative
courses of action were: (a) replace the heating ducts, or (b) dean heating
ducts with trichloroethylene
(TCE).
6.
It was possible to isolate one or two ducts from the.rest of 'the,
heating system of Qtrs 53"A, allowing attest of the cleaning technique to
be accomplished on two ducts alone.
This test established that at least'
one duct (Fig 1 ^1) is not completely enclosed with cement but is open at
the bottom.
The TCE therefore ran into the tilt under the slab and could
not be retrieved.
This cleaning technique v.'as abandoned since other ducts
were likely to share the same faulty construction and complete removal of
TCE under such conditions was not assured.
It is interesting to note that
47
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TCE cleaning was successful in removing chlordane from the ducts.
Card-
board lined ducts in contact with sub-slab fin are extremely vulnerable
to termite infestation.
C.
Patterns of Chlordane Disposition on Surfaces
1.
A sufficient number of samples were not
taken, to quantitate the
chlordane residues within the house. indicate residue patterns.
living room of Qtrs 57-B.
Sufficient analyses were made to
Figure 2 is a three dimensional view of the
The air, intake is approximately 15 ft up.the
hallway to the left of the room.
The view is looking at the north wall,
to the
(west wall to
the left, east
wan
r-lght. see Figures 3 and 9).
Table II lists the distribution of chlordane on walls and ceilings for
Qtrs 57-B.
2.
Table III lists similar data for Qtrs 53-A.
Several things are readily apparent from these figures:
a.
Chlordane levels decline rapidly as we;proceeds horizontally
from the ducts.
b.
"-
The areater the contact with contaminated air the higher the
residue.
c.
Windows have many times the residues as similarly exposed.walls.
This increase is due to the cool temperature of the window panes; glass
exposed. to chlordane at ambient temperatures (such as mirrors. Table II,
i?44) corresponded well with surrounding areas.
d.
Away from the heating registers residues become lower and more
constant (west,, (left) wall).
e.
Areas of air eddies (NE rt, corner) had high residues.
These data indicate that chlordane rapidly sublimates from the gaseous phase
on to any surface.
The sublimation rate is strongly influenced by tempera-
ture.
This is similar to experiences we have had in this Laboratory working
-48
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