Free Motion for Discovery - District Court of Federal Claims - federal

Case 1:05-cv-01020-MMS

Document 39-28

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The U.S. Department of Agriculture has estimated that throughout the

U.S..

46 million dwelling units are subject to termite attacks annually
Smith and

(Johnston,

Beal, 1972).

Various portions of the continental

United States are more subject than others to infestations of

subterranean termites.
the termite problem. and the southern attack.

Plates I and II provide graphic Illustration of

Obviously, structures in the southeastern states
most subject to termite

2/3 of California are the

Termites range between the

50F annual

mean isotherm north and

south of the equator.

In Wisconsin, the approximate northern limits are

coincident with the annual minimum Isotherm of

22F.

However,

termites

may be spread inside previously infested lumber and building materials
above

this^

isotherm.

Colonies can then maintain themselves in soils

under modern, centrally heated structures.

Generally, subterranean termites must maintain contact with the
soil.

They are susceptible to desslcation and need the protection of the

soil primarily for its moisture content.

As noted earlier, exceptions

occur with species of Coptotennes and Zootermopsis which can maintain
colonies in constantly dampened wood.

Subterranean termites can become a

problem any time they encounter moist, warm soil containing sufficient

food in the form of wood or other material containing cellulose.

These

conditions can often be found where construction sanitation vas not considered or where construction methods allow wood to soil contact.

Lumber scraps left in foundation back fill, form boards, grade stakes,
and stumps or roots left In the soil are all conducive to the

establishment of termite colonies.

Cracks and voids in poured floors,

footings, concrete or cinder block foundations and other masonry provide
easy access to the wooden members of buildings.
Plates III through VIII

H-

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"Royal Pair** begin a small excavation in the soil adjacent to wood or
even in a crevice of some wood.

After mating occurs, the Queen begins

///

\c-^&

egg-laying.

Relatively few eggs are laid the first

year<

About 1 and

1/2 months pass before the eggs hatch.

The primary pair care for the

eggs and the early growth stages of the nymphs, as wall as maintaining
the colony.

Gradually, the nymphs increase in number and the castes are

formed.

The workers assume responsibility for the care, maintenance, and Workers are the damage producing caste,

feeding of the colony.

destroying wood in the process of their tunneling for food.
centrally heated buildings, feeding occurs year round.

In nost

In unheated

buildings located in the cooler extremes of the termites' range, feeding

may be minimal or cease entirely during the winter.
the termites remain in the nest deep in the soil-

In such

instances

The soldiers are

responsible for protecting the colony from parasites or predators.
are the primary predators.

Ants

Soldiers possess larger head capsules and

much enlarged powerful mandibles that enable them to provide protection
to the colony.

Finally, as the supplementary reproductives develop, the
If a colony was started by a single

growth of the colony accelerates.

pair of primary reproductives. 3 to 4 years may pass before the 3?irst winged reproductives are seen.
Communication and caste regulation are accomplished by an intricate
system of ectohormones or pheromones.
Termites engage in a large amount

of fraternal feeding, or trophallaxis, and almost incessant grooming.

In

doing so, they transfer the chemicals that maintain the social
cohesiveness of a colony.
The pheromones are believed to inhibit or

allow development of members of one sex or the other, and regulate the

numbers of each caste.

A wide range of variation exists among the castes

of various species around the world.

3

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cyclodlenes (chlordane, heptachlor,

aldrin and

dieldrin) as a group.

While reading this report, one should bear in mind that some sections
summarize a

great volume of published material, whereas other sections,

for want of published material, are based on discussions with

"knowledgeable" parties.

This report is not intended to be monographic,

but a summary of the best collective wisdom on the subject.

B.

Subterranean Termites: The Nature of the Beast

Subterranean termites belong to a number of species in three genera*

Generally, the genera Reticulitermes and Coptotermes are considered the
subterranean termites of economic importance but the dampwood termites of
the genus ZootermopsjLs^ may also be included. The most common pests are

species of Reticulitermes.

The Coptotermes are subterranean termites but

are able to sustain colonies without soil contact where wood is kept

continuously moist-

Biologically, termites are social insects like ants, some bees and
wasps-

A colony or nest is made up of several castes, each being

responsible for specific functions within the colony.

A complete colony

consists of a primary pair of reproductives, and three castes known as

workers, soldiers and secondary or supplementary reproductives.
primary reproductives are the darkly pigmented, ant-like winged
Individuals that are the most commonly observed.

The

In North America, they

are usually seen in the late winter or spring when swarming occurs for

purposes of establishing new colonies.
After the swarming flight, their wings break off near the base. Males and females pair off and seek suitable nesting habitats.
The

2.

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I.

INTRODUCTION

A-

Purpose and Scope

In response to the General Accounting Office's (GAO) request that
EPA review its decision not to cancel the use of chlordane for termite

control, the Deputy Assistant Administrator for Pesticide Programs has
initiated a comparative

risk/benefit

assessment of the termiticides used

for subterranean termite control.

The Benefit and Field Studies Division

has been asked to provide the benefit component of that analysis*
This document presents an overview of biological' and economic

aspects for subterranean termite control.

Its scope is limited to

control of subterranean, as opposed to other groups of termites, and to
seven compounds currently registered for this use.
These compounds are

chlordane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, pentachlorophenol, lindeine, and
chlorpyrifos.
The remainder of this chapter will provide some entomological
information about subterranean termites, briefly discuss the costs of

termite damage, and the relative economic importance of the seven

compounds under discussion.

The second chapter discusses passive as well

as chemical control techniques, quantitative usage, the pricing of

commercial termite control services, the cost structure of this segment of

the pest-control industry, and a synopsis of relevant state regulations. The third chapter summarizes Integrated Pest Management techniques

available.for

termite control.

The final chapter compares the seven

termiticides in terms of their cost effectiveness, discusses the outlook
for new chemical alternatives and then discusses the economic implications

of individual cancellation of each termiticide and of cancelling all the

1

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Comparative Benefit Analysis of the Seven Chemicals Registered for Use On Subterranean Termites

DRAFT
M. M. D R

Dover

Dow Eckerman Esworthy M, Glaze
P, Kuch

Benefits and Field Studies Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S* Environmental Protection Agency

Washington, D.C.

20460

June 1981

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A'

I ^^7 S?? ^ ^^ "^-"
y^

'^osr^

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

^

^i PRO-^

PESTICIDES

OFFICE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES

July

2.

1981

Mr. Charles H. Frommer Director Regulatory Affairs Velsicol Chemical Corp. 341 East Ohio Street Chicago, Illinois 60611

Dear Mr. Fronuaer:

Enclosed is a copy of the first draft of our benefit analysis of termiticides, Hopefully, it accurately conveys all of the information you provided, and for which we are very appreciat'itive. Please review it for accuracy and completeness. We still have to incorporate some new data we received form NPCA, and therefore, can use any additional data you might think germane.
we have drawn, Given the time

I

If you disagree with the numbers we have presented or conclusions please supply documentation for your position. available, we think we have given an accurate portrayal of the benefit senario, nonetheless we are still open to
suggestions.
Since this is a draft and is subject to change, please treat it as confidential.

Once again thank you for your assistence.

Peter J. Kuch, Ph.D. Supervisory Economist, Economic Analysis Branch

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