Free Declaration - District Court of Federal Claims - federal

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 1 of 22

EXHIBIT E

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

..

Document 43-7
'-

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 2 of 22

J

/ :\) \
Threatened, E~dangered and Sensiti~e Species Biological Evaluation Lincoln National Foregt - (Ref. F&~ 267i.44, 2672.4)

'. .

Project Name: Sacramento Al.lotment Interim Sumer Grazing Plan
Date: ~y 8, 1992
District: Cloudcroft RD
Affected Management Area (5): 2D and 2E

Evaluator/Title: Edwin Wessma, Zone Wildlife Biologist; Sarah Wood, Botanist; and Renee Galeano-Popp, Botanist/Biologist
Project Location (Legal Descriptìon)

Include 2.54 USGS O~ad: See attached map.

..~escription of Project: The .Sacramento Allotment is currently being assessed

for development of an Allotment Maagement Plan. Data gathering 1.S expected to
continue through 1992 with a new allotment plan prepared in 1993. In that analysis new grazing strategies, imrovements such as pastture fences and water developments will be considered. In the interim, anual operating plans will be developed to manage grazing on the sumer range of the Sacramento Allotment during the sumers of 1992 and 1993.

¡) (

Under this interim management proposal livestock would uGe both sumer pastures each season, but use on each pasture would be deferred, in that the cattle
would utilize one pasture. for 3 months and then move to the other

pasture f.or

the remaining 3 months. In addition, tne timing of use on e~ch p~sture would be varied, so that the north pasture would be used early in the season one year, and late in the season the next year, wi th the south pasture having the
opposite schedule. Therefore, anyone spot on the sumer

present schedule. anyone spot on the stnn~r aila~~ent is St~ject to. 6 ~~nths
use every other year. Thus, this proposal. would reduce overaii anual use of each sumer pasture of the allotment by 50% over the current situation.
Is project a ground disturbing activity (Yes or No): No

subject to livestock use for a maimum of 3 months every year. Under the

pastures would

be

Personal comications with Forest Service field biologists were also conducted. Ane Cully of the U. s. Fish and Wildlife Service was contacted by
phone on January 13. 1992.

Survey Procedure (5): District records for threatened Cirsiurvinaceur were consulted for the entire sumer grazing area of the Sacramento Allotment.

._----~
\.

SG02382

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 3 of 22

\.

)

Analysis of Effects (FSM 2672.42-3/4) :

Plants: Cirsium vinaceum I. Baseline Information

A. Listing History
Cirsium vinaceum has been listed by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service as threatened since 1987. Very little research or monitoring has occurred on the plant regarding grazing impacts because water was assumed to be the limiting factor in its stability and survival (Fletcher i 1979). The original listing of the plant: cited development of water sources, recreational over-use, exotic. (or noxious) weed competition, loggingi and ground disturbance caused by livestock as

factors threatening the species (Federal Register, June 16, 1987): At

the plant by tramling darge(USDA Forest Service, 1989), although speculation. Apparently, there has been some concern about li vestock impacts to the
little has been done to monitor or research this

that time there were 20 known populations of this plant, with a total of 10 to 15,000 known individuals. The Interim Maagement Plan, prepared in 1989, also mentions livestock grazing as being a threat to

plants. in the past, as 13 exclosures have been established for the plant's protection over the years. Twel ve of these are on the

Sacramento Allotment.
B.
Biology of the Species

:J

cirsium is classified as a biennial (Martin and Hutchins, 1981; NM Native Plant Protection. Advisory Conuittee, 1983), but it usually spends 2 or more years as a vegetative rosette (Thomson, 1991), with . the plant dying the year it produces a flowering stalk¡. It also may
spend its entire life

capable of both sexual and asexl reproduction. 'ihe small amount of
work done to date on the extent of clonal reproduction in ~ vinaceum

cycle as a vegetative rosette. ~ vinaceum is

shows no. correlation between haitat type, maagement condition and

rhizome structure (Thomson, 1991).

~ vinaceum does not appear to possess the weedy, opportunistic characteristics of may of its congeners;. it is slow to grow, establish and expand (Fletcher, 1979 ¡Thomson, 1991) and appears to occupy a relatively restricted habitat type. On the other hand, tramling of rosette leaves (by people) apparently does not kill or significantly deplete populations in Scott Able Canyon and Bluff Springs (Thomson, pers. com¡ Wood, pers. obs.). While a calcium-carbonate rich .water source is a clearly essential re~irement
of the plant, the close proximity of

unoccupied, apparently sui table

habitats and occupied habitats in certain areas of the forest (notably Alamo and Lucas Canyons) indÎcate a possible unknown habitat requirement, absence of which may be restricting expansion.

A study comleted in i984 on pollination of ~ vinaceum found that the plant was visited by five species of humingbirds (of which 2 were

------~

SG02383

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 4 of 22

uncommon), 28 species of bees and the hawkmth. The authors also

J

found that floret~ :are incapable of self -pollination (Tepedino and

Griswold, 1984). .
C. Abundance and Distribution
Survey work by the Forest Service since 1978 is continually adding to the numer of known occurrences (individual populations) on the Lincoln National Forest. As of January, 199 i, the numer of known, occurrences stood at 60, and it is this numer that. analysis of the Sacramento grazing allotment will be based on. Forty-eight occcurences are. at springs and 12 are alongside streams. The total approximately 63,000 rosettes on the forest is estimated to be individuals. (See Table i for a complete .list of occurrences as of

7/31/92) .
Of the 6Ò sites, 80~ (38 spring sites and 10 stream sites) occur within the boundaries of the Sacramento allotment - These occurrences aii lie within portions of the allotment used as sumer range. The ni:er o.f rosettes at these 48 sites totals 4S, 000 or 71%- of the total counted rosettes to date_
The Cirsium occurrences within the

Sacramento Allotment are located

within three .i'arge drainage systems, namly, Wills Canyon, Rio Penasco
and Russia Canyon (Figure 1).. The wills Canyon system contains 13 occurrences and includes Hubbell and Mauldin Springs. The Rio Penasco drainage is the largest and has the most occurrences. Twenty-nine occurrences are distributed along the Penasco River, Sluff Springs, Newman Springs, Benson Canyon Spring, Water Canyon, Telephone Canyon

.~

and

Brown Canyon. Lastly, the Russia Canyon system contains 6 sites
are in Russia Canyon.

all in Lucas Canyon. A few plants

North Benson Pasture and 29 occurrences (60\-) ..are on the South wills pasture '. There are no occurrences in Nelson or Atkinson Pastures.
In the Alamo Canyon Watershed, which is closed to grazing, there are 1400 plants at three sites.
D. Habitat Condi tions and Trend
1 . General

Sixteen occurrences (33~ of the n~er on the allotment) are on the

Cirsium vinaceum forms dense monocultures in steep springs with heavy depositions of calcium carbonate. These travertine springs are considered to be its primary habitat. springs in Benson, Lucas, Newman and Penasco canyons have been noted to experience disturbance as well as herbivory near the associated trails in these canyons (Wood, personal obs.). It also .occupies stream-sides and meadows, growing in the characteristic soils with calcium carbonate content, but without

shift.ing substrate of the springs. These sites are referred to as
secondary habitat (USDA- FS, 1989).

Estimates of unoccupied habitat vary, as there is presently no åetermination of what specifically constitutes potential habitat. In

~._----~

J
SG02384

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 5 of 22

the past, field personnel have generally identified travertine springs as potential habitat because it superficially resembles the majority

of occupied sites. Unoccuied stream sites are more difficult to

.J.

the Lincoln contain identify with certainty. May riparian areas of obvious ccncentrations of calcium carbonate but arè. not occupied which

leaves t:ie pre-requisite for colonization of streai-sides unclear.

There are roughly .40 miles of riparian habitats in the .form of

perennial streams within the sumer rangeporticn of the Sacramento Allotment. Assuming all streams within the range of the species could support Cirsium vinaceum, this represents roughly 70~ of the total estimated unoccupied suitable stream habitat on the Forest. In at least 43 springs .on the allotmnt which may addition, there are. contain pòtential habitat for Cirsium vinaceum. This reprèsents roughly 86~ of the total estimated unoccupied spring habitat on the

Forest.

The majority of riparian areas Allotment are subjected to some livestock. About five miles of spring sites are protected from

on the sumer range of the Sacramento level of grazing pressure by domestic perennial stream and approximately 42l( grazing on the allotment.

~

The overall condition of the riparian areas on the allotment is unsatisfactory according to regional guidelines, primarily because these guidelines place a high value on the presence of woody vegetation. Most of the drainages are entrenched and lack characteristic riparian vegetation (e_g. cari~es, willows). Erosion along many streamanks on the sume'r rang:e is quite evident especially in wills, Lucas and Penasco Canyons due to a variety of past

activities.

Vegetative composition in tne riparian bottoms is predominately Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). Some areas have a heavy weedy forb component such wormwood (Artemesia spp.), Queen's Ane's Lace that seem (Daucus carota) and sneezeweed (Helenium hoooesii), Areas to be in worse condition than others include Rio Penåsco corral (at the junction of. Water Canyon), Lucas, Russia and Benson canyons.
2 . Livestock grazing
Livestock grazirig on the allotment has taken place at some level. since the time the Lincoln National Forest was establisl:ed. Table 2 dîsplays the actual use records for the allotment from 1971 to the present. A detailed write-up by John Conner is included in the files. Sacramento Allotment is made up of sevéral smaller allotments that were consolidated in the late 1970' s. Before consolidation, grazing was essentially year-long on each of the smaller parcels. have been numerous permttees and property changes since the There

allotment was consolidated. .Because of these changes the al lotment
1987 and 1988. The Sacramento Grazing Associai:ion has been ruing cattle on the ailotment since .1987,. using
was in ;:artial non-use in

a two-pasture, rest-rotation system on the sumer range. Fuii numers
1991). ~he North pasture on the s~~er range was the. pasture used in
(553 head) ~ere ru in 1991 for the first time since 1981 (L. Wessman,

_ _ .__.._ ..i

.,

SG02385

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7 '.

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 6 of 22

1991. Previous to 1991 herbivory by livestock and wildlife was

J

observed by Fore~t :Service personnel, Fish and wildlife Service personnel anø other.s. The levels observed were not deemed to be . significant to thë species. In 1991. increased levels of herbivory on CirsiumvinaceUf were nOted and this concern warranted biOlOgical

evaluation.
In 1989, forage ~~ilízatíon in Lucas Canyon was estimated at 70~ (Newmon. pers. com. j . The uLilizacion eSLimace in chis canyon was approxìmately 60\ to 80\ for the 1991 growing season (t. Wessma, the entire allotment, across all pers .c.on.). Forage utilization on habitat types, wafi estimated to be over 65% based on transect readings

by Wessma during 1991.
3. Soils

Soil bulk density.measurements were taken in late November at 4 sites (Lucas Canyon.~ Water Canyon, Atkinson Canyon and Rice Canyon) in an attempt to assess the variability of this parameter on the allotment. The deeper soils found in meadows and riparian sites are predominantly
clay/loam and ha.ve.a moderate to high potential for

compaction (B.

Dancker, pers. cQmm.). ~ vinaceum is present in Water and Lucas
Canyons but not at the other two sites. All sites are on the Sacramento ai1otment" In e~ch case (with the exception of Âtkinsån) cores were taken inside ard outside30f an exclosure. Measurements

taken inside. an exclosure (in gm/ em) were on the average, lower

..~

than measurements outside exclosures, which could indicate that more occurring outsiàe the exclosures because the sam~ sóil compaction was is more dense outside the exclosure than inside. Measurements taken in. 1991 are only relative due to some problems with collection method. Therefore we have an indication that soil compaction may be occurring on the S~Framento allotment, but so far this has not been clearly quantified or correlated with any ~ vinaceUf population

.characteristics.

4 . Noxious Weeds

Noxious weeds. notably teasel (Dispacus svlvestris) and musk thistle (Carduus thoemeri = C. nutans) ;;re widespread on the Sacramento
allotment. ~hese weeds occur largely along roadsides alongside riparian areas. They reach a high level

which often ru

of infestation on

the al lotment along the Rio Penasco drainage and upper Sacramento

Ri ve r ,
E. pop~lation Conditions and Trend
1 . General

There are 12 exclosures containing 28 occurrences (springs and parts 11 of some stream sites) of Cirsium vinaceum on the allotment - In 1400 plants at 3 addition to the exclosures there are approximately

*

sites in the protected Alamo Watershed (Figure il. The total numer of plants protected byexclosures is 26,000 or about 58% of the total on the allotment and 58~ of the Cirsium vinaceti population

._.._--.

SG02386

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 7 of 22

occUrrences .on the allotment. Forest-wide, this numer represents 41~

of the total population and 46~ of t:he occurrences. With the \t
exception ofa small excl05ure in Water Canyon which is infested with 1k

~

teasel, all the exclosures have stable or increasing populations of ~

vinaceUf .
.Of the 48 sites on the allotment, 20 spring sites occurrences) and all or part of 6

(42%- of the

stream sites (12. 5~ of the

occurences ¡are subject to varying .amunts of ii vestocJC pressure. The numer of individuals at these sites totals about 18,000 which is 37~ of the total known cn the allotment and 28\- of the total known on with Cirsium occurrences assumed to forest lands. The main drainages
be pubject to grazing pressure within the range are the Water Canyon system, the Russia Canyon system

Sacramento allotment sumr
and

Wills

Canyon.
Thirty percent of the plants subject to grazing are on the North Pasture (6, 000 individuals, 12 occurrences) and 70% are on the South

Pasture (12, 000 individuals, 1S occurrénces): The numer of
2. Livestock grazing

occurrences exceeds the total because one site is on both pastures ~

Monitoring of ~ vinaceum has .gone on since 1988, and little of it .has been designed specifically to monitor imacts of livestock. Extensive herbivory was noted in Lucas Canyon in 1989 (Malab, unpublished data) and some measurements were taken, but were never reported and consequently have gone un-noticed until now. . Herbivory was noted

again at. Lucas and several other iocations on the North Pasture in
particular pasture .since 1981.

.~

1991, the first year fuii numers of permitted livestock were on that
noted on the allotment in 1991 until late August/early September, and perhaps did. not take place until then. However, the notes from 1989 on herbivory were taken in late August when cows were already out and "most herbi vorytook place earlier in the year. (Malaby, unpublished data). Several tramled and
Herbivory on ~ vinaceum was not

broken stalks were noted and "healthy, undaaged" plants were not
found outside of the exclosure in Lucas Canyon.

The frequency and extent of rosette herbivory during the 1991 season (when the North pasture was utilized from May 1 to October 31) was
observed by S. Wood during reconaissance trips for site a forml

selection for

study. Of the 24 sites open to livestock grazing on the allotment, a total of 17 were visited for tbe purpose of recording evidence of herbivory on the plants. Nine out of the 11 sites on ' North Benson pasture (used by livestock in 1991) and 8 out of 13 South wills pasture were visited. All (100~) of occurrences in the the sites visited in North Benson pasture were found to have herbivory to some noticeable extent. In cont.rast, in South Wills pasture (the rested pasture in 1991), only one site had noticeable levels of

herbivory (Table 1) .

~._--~

SG02387

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 8 of 22

were comared. .~o~r of. these sites were available to wildlife and
....:!.~ U-l

In Wood's study, herbivory data from.~ vinaceum plants at eight sites

domestic livestock -(the "grazed" sites) and four were available to wildlife only (th~ "browsed" sites): Three óf each type of site were on the Sacramento Allotment _ Two aspects of rosette herbivory were

average size of rosettes . (as measured by leaf length) at each site_
'.,

samled: the total numer cf rosette leaves eaten at a site, and the

More rosettes were eaten ~~d mere rosette leaves per plant were removed in sites open to both wildlife and livestock than in siteS leaf length between the available to wildlife only. The difference in differenttrea~ents was tested using a n~n-parametri~ two-samle
T- test. There was. a significant. difference ip = 0., 95%-. confidence
data). In Lucas .

interval) between browsed plots and grazed plots (Wood, unpubl. Canyon, the leaves in t.he grazed plot were 66%-

shorter than those in tne browsedplót. Over all the plots, rosette

in the grazed plots was 3D%- shorter than those in the leaf length browsed plots. As a function of this, rosette diameter was smaller in sites open to both livestock and wildlife than in sites open to wildlife only whether they exhibi ted recent herbivory or not. Reasons for this are inconclusive, however, it may reflect reduced vigor. due

to repeated 'use;
3 . Trends

.~

Forest Service monitoring and survey reports (sumarized in the 1991 monitoring report for ~ vinaceum) show an apparent increase in total numers art Forest land over the past fifteen years. on the Sacramento allotment there is documented evidence of increases at three locations: Hubbell Canyon, Lucas Canyon and a spring above Bluff Springs. Hubbell canyon.we.nt from 0 plants in 1984 when an exciosi:rel¡~
was built to about 5.00 plants in 1991. An inventory in Lucas Canyon in 1991 showed that plant numers in this canyon .

for ~ vinaceum -l
have .

increased 10-fold since the last thorough inventory in 1984. The total count in 1984 was 350 plants distributed among three springs; in 1991 the total count was 3414 plants distributed among five springs and the riparian bottom. The springs in the meadow abve the Bluff Springs recreation area have maintained a population of about 750 plants since 1984; in 1979, Reggie Fletcher found only a single rosette at this location. . The Bluff Springs area was fenced in 1983. II

Increases have also been doc~ented at two locations not on the
Silver Springs and Scott Able Canyon. An Sacramento allotment: increase in plant numers at sil yer Springs is evident from count.s and photographs taken after an existing exclosure was expanded to encompass 20 acres of occupied ~ vinaceum habitat in 1988. The Scott Able Canyon population is also believed to be increasing !Fletcher, 1979). In fact, photographs taken in Scott Able Canyon in 1962 (on file at Cloudcroft District) after a scouring flood show no evidence of ~ vinaceum at all. Whether this was occupied habitat before the flood is not known; however we can presume that the present population in this canyon is a çolonization or ~e-colonization of the area and .is thirty years old or less.

--~
SG02388

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 9 of 22

~

.There is also an undocumented report of ç. vinaceum increase at the High Nogal Ranch (Bonell, pers. com.). Sacramento Grazing Association members have also said that they did not start noticing the plant until about 10 years ago, although they usually pay
attem:ìon to the vegetative characteristics of an

area, especially in

regards t.o weedy-looking species,such as thistles (J - Goss, .pers.
comr.) _

There are thrEe documented deci:t:clst:~ in plä.it. Ilw1iers ~n the

Sacramentoallotment. Between Marcia Ceme.tery and the junction with
Wat.er Canyon on the Rio Penasco, 32 plants were counted in 199l which is 18 less than the 50 counted in 1989. At. a spring in the enclosed Bluff springs area, the plant count has decreased from 450 in 1984 to 45 in 1991_ Finally, a spring 4 miles northeast of Bluff Springs which has been developed in 1985 has experienced a significant
reduction in

( I 'I

plant numers from 300 in 1984 to 47 in 1991.

There are documented aecreases on Forest and off the allotment ~t Sacramento River and at the type locality. About 20 plants have and 1991 along the Sacramento River, which disappeared between 1987 suffers from a teasel infestation. Cirsium vinaceum. was first

collected "ne.ar Fresnal II (now High Rolls) in 1899. but has not been

found there since. The exàct location of the type locality is not known .

Causes of increases and expansion are unown and opinions on this

J.

matter vary. Exclusion of livestock, habitat enhancement by more intensive range management livestock, increased precipitation and have all been brought. up as possible factors contributing to the expansion of the plant. Decreases have been attributed mostly to
invasion of noxious weeds, livestock grazing activity, and

springs

drying up.

F: RecoveryGoals
Although no formal recovery plan .has been compl~t.ed, recovery of ~ vinaceum has historically focused on the protection of the travertine
springs habitat. At the time of

listing, two prima de-listing

cri.teria were identified as (1) Forest Service commitment to ensuring water .diversions adequately safeguard the plant and (2) development of a management plan which incorporates silvicultural guidelines such as the buffers used on Brown Timber sale (USDA-FS memo July 28, 1987).

There are presently no formal recovery or management goals, however, preliminary draft informtion indicates that recovery may also be contingent upon fi~ding a compatible grazing sys.tem. Herbivory observations from livestock and wildlife were thought to be insignificant previous to 1991. The monitoring plan, which is part of this action and associated BE, identifies monitoring, thresholds of. concern and actions to be taken if thresholds are exceeded. These are

all .intended to provide information for clarificacion of possible
recover! actions needed.

II _ Potential Effects of Grazing to be Analyzed

---_.-..
L

SG02389

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB
A. General

Document 43-7
'-

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 10 of 22

.)

Act~al direct and'indirect effects will

be a function of many biotic and abiotic factors and their interactions. All the effects discussed below will occur to some extent on the Sacramento allotment. Most of the informtion we have on impacts to the thistie corne from the 1991

seaSon when cattle grazed the North Pasture from May 1 to October 3 i .
duration and

Primar~ factors ~'d focus of this ~~alysis are timing, frequencý i intensity of livestock grazing.

~ vinaceum is asssociated wi th water and riparian habitat - These
habi tats typically represent

key areas which 1i vestock select for use at rates which are higher than upland foraging areas. It is therefore reasonable to assume that cattle will use sites with water and and come into contact with ç. vinaceum at some riparian habitat level. The main waters and riparian habitat on Sacramento allotment are typically the same areas that £- vinaceum occupies; Brown,

Telephone, Water, Wills -and Hay Canyons on the South Pasture; and
Penasco, Lucas and Russia Canyons on the North .Pasture. Of these,
only Hay Canyon does not have

any occupied ~ vinaceur haitat.

Therefore, livestpCk may concentrate near the plant some of the time they are pastured in anyone area, regardless of whether they are eating it, ana their presence may have direct or indirect impacts as discussed below. The sumer rains which usually start in July and last through mid-August alleviate this as cattle tend to disperse, using

various natural pooled waters (L. Wessma, pers. co~.).

)

8. Timing and Duration

The season of use for the sumer range coincides with ~ vinaceum's growing season. £'.. vinaceum' sgrowing season starts in làte April, a few weeks before livestock corne on, but essentially the sumer growing

season and the SUDer grazing season is the same: May. 1 to October
31. All direct and indirect effects are influenced by how, when and for how long the plant is utilized during its growing season.
The following is an ~utline of the stages of ~ vinaceum during its growing 6ea~on, and how livestock may utilize the plant ~~d its habitat and affect it at each stage.
Earlv sorinQ (April through May)

- Life stage: C. vinaceum starts to "green up". Some plants are beginning to bolt and develop flower buds. - Possible livestock use and affect: Leaves (most are rosette leaves at this time) if eaten or this time will probably experience full tramled at

potential re - growth before the end of the season. Short, åeveloping flower stalks may be tramled and kil led. . Flower
heaàs may be eaten.

Sumer (June to mid-August)
grow and develop several - Life stage: Plant stalks contlnue to buds. Flowers start opening, and pollination begins_

-------~

SG02390

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 11 of 22

_.~.

_ possible livestoc~ use and effect: Flowering stalks may be killed by tramling before seed set which represents a complete loss of reproduct~ve potential. for that individual plant. Rosettes may also be tramled, resulting in breakage. Herbi vory of flower heads, stalk leaves, rosette leaves is possible _ Flower heads won't grow the plane may compensate by producing back, although additional heads if some are eaten. Leaf re-growth is feasible. but perhaps nuL çomplett:ly, depending how ea.rly leaf loss occurs within this time period.

Fall

(Mid-August through October)

_ Life stage: Flower head sets seed~ Some plants send up latent bolts with flower heads, but pollinator visits become increasingly unlikely as fall sets in. Stalks start dying; rosettes stay green longer, but start dying off at the end of

October.
_ possible livestock use and effect: Re-growth of lost rosette leaf mass (by tramling and herbivory) is very difficult as season ends and ~ vinaceur

stops growing. Stalk tramling has little negative effect

at this time as seed is already set and stalks are starting to die. Seed dispersai may be aided by livestock through fecal deposits, or physical transport on the animal's body.

c.

Effects to Cirsium vinaceUf Plants

,~

The potential indireçt effects to individuals of this species are not well known but may include cometition from other p~ants, soils. water nutrient flow and other basic plant relationships which are associated with general health of the habitat.
Direct effects of livestock use on the

plant can be classified into five categories: flower or flower-bud herbivory, trampling of stalks,

trampling of vegetative rosettes, herbivory 6f . stalk leaves and
i. Stalk leaves get eaten:

herbivory of rosette leaves. These effects can occur singularly or in aggregate on a given plant.

There has been no recorded observation that any herbivore selects or eats the stalk leaves. However, when any leaves of a plant are eaten, by loss of leaf area, photosynthetic potential is immediately reduced

which are primary photosynthesizing surfaces. A drop in photosynthesis (which is how plants create and store energy reserves) could be followeò by a drop in energy reserves which in turn may compromise the plant's fitness. 2. Rosettes get eaten:
a. The effect on photosynLhetic pOLential is similar to that discussed above, except that it may be greater in magnitude as cattle seem to prefer the rosette leaves over any other plant

part.

-------;~
.../

i

SG02391

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 12 of 22

b. The veg~tative stage of the life cycle may be prolonged to the

I.

J

point ~here the plant dies without sending up a flowering

A study of teasel (which is a monocarpic plant with a life cycle similar to C; vinaceum) £ound that smaller rosettes are not as likely to send up a stalk, and ~osettes that are kept small eventually die in about 7 years without ever reproducing (Werner,

stalk.

1975) '. '.
c. Depleted energy reserves and less reproductive staiks may be
comensated for

not autom~tically detrimental to the plant, although the reduction in gene pool may reduce the species resistance to environmental stresses. But it is also likely that ~ vinaceum has gone through periods in the past when it has had to rely heavily on ~egetative and clonal reproduction because of heavy land use.

by an increase in asexual reproduction. This is

On this same note, ~ vinaceum has been shown to have seeds that can survive unfavorable conditions, at least temporarily , How long these seeds stay viable in the ground (Thomson, 1991)

(the seed bank) is unknown, yet man biennials are known to have
seeds that stay viable, but dormant, for years (Harper, p. 543). A long-iived, large seed bank can help a species through genetic "bottlenecks. as well as increase their chances of recovery when germinating conditions become more favorable. The increase of plant numers at Hubbell Canyon and Bluff Springs (Section D.~.: Trends) after they were excluded from grazing may be testament to

....~

~

the resilience of this species. and. its ability to survive long
c.1. However, less heads and less pollinating visitors

periods of unfavorable conditions.

sexual reproduction means less flower

as a result. As mentioned in Section I.B, the ~ vinaceum is visited by at least 33. species of animals. Some of these species would almost certainly be negatively impacted by a reduction in flower heads _ Not only would certain aesthetic values be depre~iated (i.e. less humingbirds) but the animals may pla~i other important Loles in the ecosystem which are as yet

undefined.

3. Plants are trampled:

Tramled plants can have the same effects as eaten rosettes, because trampling often results in leaf loss. As noted before, ho~ever, tram.ling by people does not seem to have a observable negative effect, and the same may be true for livestock. Plants are more likely to be trampled in the riparian bottoms (Lucas, Telephone, Brown, Penasco) as well near paths and roads (the bottom of spri.ngs along Penasco Road, Lucas Trail, Wil~s Canyon Road) than they are at the steep springs in Benson and those north of Penasco and Wills .

canyons.
4. Stalks are tramled:

-~-,~

SG02392

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 13 of 22

~
D.

Tramling of stalks can result in the entire sexual reproductive potential of the plant being lost if it is tramled before seed is set. Rosettes send stalks up only once, and. if a stalk is broken it dies, and the flower heads die with it. Stalk breakge after seed-set data has been taken on stalk ~ay help dispersal of seeds. No hard

bottoms, notably Lucas (Huenneke, pers .comm.). Riparian bottoms
~iver, Brown Canyon and Telephone Canyon are more likely

~ramling, although ït has been observed mostly in the riparian
t:his effect_

.",jlta~ wi¡.i:(Jt.~c.ted c. vinaceum exisl:, such as Lucas Cayon, Penasco
to experience

Effects to Habitat

The potential direct effects to habitat are alterations of the site and associated attributes by mechanical damage such as tramling or consumption of associated vegetation. The indirect relationships of habitat health as it affects ç. vinaceum are not well understood. It is believed that the species does bèst on travertine systems which are relatively stable and ño not contain high levels of competing

vegetation.

There are several possible results of tramling, and these may vary between the. spring and stream haitats.

a. Enhanced seed germination and dispersal.
cirsiumseeds are large

and may not travel very far. Cattle

¡~

could act as. a seed dispersal vector through fecal deposits or therefore help the seeds spread rurther than they normlly would. Tramling may also help pack seeds into soil and
contact and

enhance their germination prospects. Spreads of ~ vinaceum down stream sides has often been attributed to cattle enhancement of
seed dispersal in does not explain

how ~ vinaceum .has spread along stream-sides in

Lucas and Scott Able. Canyons. However, this

Hubbell, Mauldin, Penasco and Silver Springs exclosures where cattle do not have access.

b. Collapsed stream bans and disturbance of travertine

springs.

Incised and bare strearanks are common in the ßacramento Allotment (e.g. Rio Penasco, Lucas, Wills) and livestock may disturbing or destroying contribute to this existing problem, potential or occupied habitat. Travertine springs, with the

constantly shifting substrate, .are very susceptible to daage or
canyons were often not:ed t:o experience disturbance as well as

alteration by hoof action. Disturbance and proximity of springs to trails or roads seems to be positively correlated (Wood, field notes, i99l). springs in Benson, Lucas, Newm and Penasco
herbi vory near the trail. Springs in Brown, Water, Telephone and Wills Canyon were in the rested pasture and therefore not grazed
in

19 9 1, but it is likely that they wil.l experience disturbance

._-_._~

SG02393

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB
trails

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 14 of 22

similar to those of the springs above as they are also near and róads. Livestock may utilize the springs as a water

!)

source. firs.t: '-and discover the forage second. The steeper, higher
parts of thë spring do

not usually experience herbivory and

disturbance. .
c. Soil

compaction.
'.,

Soil compaction wich resultant reduced water infiltration can daage plant's abilities to uptake water and nutrients through their roots. We would expect compaction, if it occurs, on the
flat to modérate slopes of the

Sacramento allotment. The ~

vinaceur population on the Sacramento allotment that is subject to grazing (about 30~ of the total population) could also be

subject to some degree of sail. compaction. On the average, the
of stream bottoms with k. vinaceur are on moderate to flat slopes.. Extrapolating from this, estimate that i5~ - 20~ of all ~ vinaceum populations on forest could be subject to soil compaction . from act~vities on the Sacramento allotment. The remaining percentage is not likely co be subject to soil compaction because of inaccessibility due to
bottom third of slopes and. the whole

topography. .
Soil comPaction along streamsides with Q vinaceum may halt the spread of the plant if soil becomes too comact for roots to penetrate or for sufficient root aeration to take place . If

plants are already in place i comáction may prevent uptake of

.'i.J

water, effectively killing the thistles present _ On hand, plants have been known to establish and thrive roadsides; in Water Canyon plants åre located within asphalt sections which suggests compaction alone may

limiting facto,r. .

the other within broken not be a

Soil compaction near the travertine springs may kill off vegetation there and increase bare groud, which may be subject to erosion and invasion by noxious weeds .It ~y also prevent

unsui table. We do not know the relationship between ~vinaceum
and the surro~~ding vegetation, but it is 'reasonable to assume that the thistle coUld be affected in. some way.
2. Associated vegetation

spread of ~vinaceum into sui table habitat: by. maing it

in the habitat is eaten. .

around or in ~ vinaceur's habitat could be a benefit to the thistle as its competition is removed. On the other hand, removal of vegetation also results in an increase in bare ground. Bare ground has less infiltration capacity than vegetated ground so ruoff is increased. Increased ruoff leads to increased erosion. Bare ground is also easily colonized by early successional species, such as noxious or undesirable weeds, which is added competition for L vinaceur. Finally, ve.getative communities at c. vinaceun habitats contain a large component of native vegetation (Thomson, 1991) a community structure that, if changed, could have unkown effects on the L vinaceum occurrence.
The removal of plants

nu.,'i
;

l
SG02394

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 15 of 22

(.

\)

III. Effects Analysis .of . Grazing as Proposed .

A.. General
The direct e;fects described above have immediate, short-term negative impacts if they occur. The inãirect effects described aboye may have both short~te~ _ 6?d long-term impacts.
A deferred-pasture grazing system wilL be used for the 1992 and 1993 growing seasons (USDA FS M~mo, March 23, 1992). This system has not

year for these' two years. They will core on to one of the pastures
.May 15, use it

been used before,.'. but entails tha.t cattle will use both pastures each

until August 15 and then go to the next pasture. DateS may be altered depending upon utilization: if use exceeds 50% or if livestock are found to be having a significant effect (see measures and mitigations) on ~ vinaceum, action will be taken to alleviate the .'conflict. Heifers will be rotated between Atkinson and Nelsol'

pastures. There is no ~ vinaceum in ei ther of these pastures.
Al though the full complement of 553 head will be grazed on the

allotment, 40 of these will be heifers in 1992. Therefore, the total
numer potentially affecting the thistle or its habitat will be 513 and may vary slightly from year to year.

With respect to the entire ~ vinaceum population on forest, 30% of

: the population occurrences could be potentially impacted by grazing on
the Sacramento allotment every year for three months from May to

)
B.

November. The .actual numer of unprotected population occurrences or
portions of a population which are susceptable is likely to be somewhat less than the 30\- potential due to topography which prohibits of the potential.habitat or deters access by livestock. The majority can be eXpected to receive some effects however, these are not expected to be significantly different than previous grazing events ary options fòr management or recovery and will .not foreclose

efforts. 'The season identified for livestock use encorassesthe.
duration. of the

thistle' s growing season which was the case for 50% of

the populations in the allotment last year.

Effects to cirsiumvinaceum Plants

1. Timing and Duration of Grazing
system has been used on the allotment. It provided season long rest every other year following observed high use levels on associated vegetation. The proposed action is a deferred 2 -pasture system which will reduce the time spent in a pasture down to 3 months. This is expected to reduce impacts on associated vegetation and possibly ~ vinaceUf by spreading impacts over twice as many acres during the grazed season. The trade-off is elimination of a full growing season of rest for those plants that may be grazed. The addition of herding in this interim period can also be expected to reduce the amount of time that cattle are present continuously in any cne area. The reduction of time spent in a pasture comined with herding cculd reduce the chances that
Between 1987 and 1991 a six-month, 2-pastu_re, rest-rotation

_._-_.~

SG02395

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 16 of 22

\)

herbivory and tramling will occur repeatedly to ~ vinaceum individuals over a long period of time, which should be of some benefit to the plant_

2. Herbivory and Trampling
Implementation of this annual operating plan (USDA-FS Memo, 1992; attachedJ requires that livestock be constantly herded away from any Cirsium vinaceum occurrence; and that when herbivory. is found to meet 0; exceed the "significant" level, actions will be taken to remove càttle from the pasture or provide full protection of ~ vinaceum as identified in the monitoring plan. As proposed, . populations determined to be significantly impacted in 1992 wiii be followed. by a definite rest period the following year if 50% or more of the occurrences within the pasture have been seriously affected. This will be effected through physical or other means which will not be optional. If less than 50~ of the occurrences are significantly be conducted again in impacted during 1992, avoidance practices will 1993 as they were during 1992. This may be accomplished by a variety of options and fencing would not neces6aril~ be required.

Without the mitigations measures proposed, utilization at the
individual plant level is expected to be similar

to the. level of

intensity recorded in i991, which could be considered high. Utilization at the population level couid also be high, as most of the
accessible plants within an occurrence. were .

found .to be grazed in

1991.

)

Assuming plants are palatable throughout the growing season, grazed and tramled plants. in the pasture that receives use first (South ~ills in 1992) will have at l~~st 2 months to continue growing and ~eproduce. The most significant impacts are expected to occur b~tween Culy 1 and Septembr 15 (the "critical period"), since nages during ~his period could 1 imi t the plant's potential to regrow in time to
::eproduce or successfully set seed. Those grazed in

the pasture that

receives. late use (North Benson in 1992) will have had a .chance to bolt by the time livestock is scheduled to. enter (August 15).

Whereas, grazing prior to seed set could be detrimental and tr~ling of the stalk .before seed set will effectively destr~f tr~t rosettes abilityto reproduce before it dies. Grazing following seed set during late fall or early winter would be less serious. Without. more accurate spatial and témporal data concerning livestock use, there is no way to predict how many plants or populations will be in anyone
.;ituation at anyone time_

If plants are palatable only late in the season either because it is the only substantial forage remining, or because it has undergöne a physiological change, effects under the proposed grazing _system will

be different than those described above. Plants in the pasture

reqeiving use first will experience little or no herbivory, but may receive some degree of trampling if they are located in a desirable watering area. If any herqivory oc~rs, it is likely to beat the

beginning of August. Plants in the pasture receiving. late season use
are highly likely to be grazed and, asa result of visitation,

--_.--J

SG02396

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 17 of 22

.ì)

tramled. Those grazed and tramled during the critical period could eXprience detri~e9tai effects; those grazed after Septemer 15 are less likely xo be negatively impacted, since seed has been set. Without more acCUrate spatial and temporal data concerning livestock use, there is no way to predict how may plants or populations will be in ~~y one situation at anyone time.

Inàependent- oti. t;he thistle's palatability, trampling may be exected
at a nigher degree early in the season (May 1S to the begi.nning 01:

July) before the sumer rains because ~ vinaceum is present in may of the natural waters of the sumer range of the Sacramento Allotment.
C _ Effects to Habitat

1 _ Timing and Duration of Grazing
Relative to a six-month, 2-pasture, rest-rotation system which was used on the sumer range of the allotment between 1987 and 1991, the .deferred 2-pasture system will reduce the time spent in a pasture down

.to three months. The addition of herding will furthe.r reduce the

amunt of time that cattle are present continuously in anyone area, which reducèS the. time livestock ~y positively or negatively

influence ~ yinaceur habitat. 2 . Tramling

)

Livestock movement in habitat andtrarling of habitat may contribute

vinaceum. The hoof action affects strearan erosion and soil occupied ~
comaction. Livestock .wiii be frequently herded away from

to the dispersal or sowing of seed for .may plants including ~

vinaceur habitat to, limit herbivo~f of this species, but may linger near unocCupied hab.itat for purposes of watering and foraging. These sites may get tramledrnore if livestock congregate near them or make return visits.

Livestock tend to disperse from the more lush and cool bottom areas after the sumer rains begin (July). The rains provide additional water sources not related to ~ vinaceum habitat in the form of natural pools _ Therefore, it is expected that use of habitat. (fer watering) will be highest at the beginning .of the season (May .1S July), which is during the time that livestock are present on the South Wills pasture in 1992. An unusually dry year without rains, however, could result in springs dXing up or natural pools not being as available _ This situation would be expected to concentrate livestock use in riparian bottoms with perennial streams or at

springs.
Mechanical damage and other effects to occupied habitat may be more intense with concurrent herbivory, because cattle will increase their

stay at these areas to eat.

3 _ Herbi vory on. Associated Riparian vegetation

~~-~

SG02397

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 18 of 22

Únder the deferred system, herbivory on associated riparian vegetation is likely to occur on all unprotected and accessible areas whether or not k: vinaceum is eate:n. Use in 1991. (under the rest-rotation system), was over 65~ in all areas fL. Wessman, 1991). In 1992, use

(

T)

will be spread out over the entire .

sumer range. Under the anual

operating plan for 1992, livestock will be herded away from. occupied ~ vinaceum sites which will incidentally herd cattle away from the is probable, that .the thistle occupies. It riparian and spring areas then, that chese areas (namely, Penasco River, Water Canyon system and L~cas Canyon) will receive less continuous use in i992 than they have under the rest-rotation system.

Studies on grazing in riparian systems çonsistently come to similar conclusions about the most important factors in managing cattle in riparian systems. . Broadly stated, they are:

i. Manage tne riparian areas separately by fencing them or using them as a separate pasture_
2. Timing and duration of use (intensive management)

are more important than numers of cattle or the actual grazing system

used.
3 _ Add more rest to the grazing cycle.

during the seasons that are compatible. with streamank stability and

Ideally livestock should be allowed in riparian areas for short times

j)

plant phenology (Platts, 1989).' Poa oratensis (Kentucky bluegrass) , the dominant vegetation in the riparian bottoms, tolerates a fairly high level of grazing .pressure (Buckhouse, 19.81; Platts and Nelson,

1989). However, the ~ orateosis community type is not able to maintain a stable stream structure under season-long grazing usè
whereas Carex- (sedge) dominated comunities are (Platts and Nelson,
on the

1989). Carices are ab~ent from most of the unprotected ripariàn. areas Sacramento sumer range which have received season-long' use

every other year until 1992.

Under the deferred system, riparian areas in the pasture which receives use first in '19~2 (South Wills) will have at least 2 months for re-growth, once the cattle are gone. The sumer rains which usually start in July may help to alleviate use of the riparian areas for the last month that the pasture by providing. water in the uplands the pasture receiving late use in 1992 is in use. Riparian areas in regrow if they are utilized because (North Bensøn) will not be able to cattle will not leave before the dormant season.
D. Cumulati ve. Effects

Herbi very, tramling and disturbance are all hazards to plants even without the presence o£ livestock. Wildlife, insects, people, and
off - road vehicles all can cause the negative effects on a

plant .

Li vestock may contribute to and exacerbate these problems, but they are not the sole cause of all plant damge.

----~ .

SG02398

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 19 of 22

verified, quantiiie~ or fully understood. There is speculation that

Other simultaneous ~mpacts to ~ vinaceum at this time are

not

~

certain timber ha~ests on the' Lincoln National Forest may affect the

groundwater or alter the watershed condition, and therefore,. affect

the water-depenâent. ~ vinaceum. Monitoring is currently underway in
two drainages (Scott Able Canyon and Lucas Canyon) to qualify and quantify projected outcomes of timber sales on the watershed in relation to '~'vinaceum.
Extensive herbivory is also known to have occurred in

Scott Able

Canyon .on the Scott Able Allotment:. The pattern, duration and
specific

season .oi. use is better known in this canyon, but the

long-term and indirect effects on the occurence are likely similar to

those discussed for the Sacramento iùlotment above. Moving the
livestock rapidly. through the ~ vinaceum habitat has been employed to address the concern of herbivory observed in 1991.

F. sumry
In conclusion, from what we know of the curent situation, we can predict that this interim grazing system may have direct, short-term impacts on plants ~~thin as much as 30% of the total ~- vinaceum known steepness of many sites, it is occurrencesev,ery year. . Due to the estimated that between 15 and 20~ of the known occurrences will actually have significant potential for herbivory.
With implementation of the monitoring plan and mitigation measures in that docuent, the same or lower levels of grazing impacts defined there are relative to years in the recent past. Because
are expected

'.. ~

..

indications that ::he species is stable to increasing Forest-wide under such a regime, it is anticipated that the effects of grazing on CirsiUI vinaceum and its associated habitat will not affect .species

viabili ty.

One big ditference between this year and years previous will be a concerted effort by the permittees to avoid use .on the Cirsi\U 1992 ¡attached). These two "interim" years .will be (USDA-FS memo,
\.sed to collect the necessary ,data for developing an

acceptable,

workable allotment management pl~~ whi~~ will be responsive to the requirements of all the resourCeS on the Sacramento Allotment, of £_ vinaceum. including recovery

~~.
SG02399

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB
.'

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 20 of 22

Measures to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse effects (2672,42-6):
;'.

i.. .)

The mitigation

Plan. This docunt identifies the

measures are defined in the enclosed Monitoring (Action/Study) monitoring action to identify grazing

action to be taken to alleviate the

imçaccs on ~ vinaceum as well as establish threGholds which will require or lower levels. impact to historic

Sumar of effects - Findings (2672.42-5):

May affect: X No (not likely to) effect:
Beneficial effect:

Stipulations: As defined in the Permittees Anual Authorization letter of and as identified in the Monitoring (Action/Study) plan.

~~ IDate ~l

)

REVEWD BY:
FOREST T, E. & S Coordinator:

.\. . "LtJ _ Î-i a,.ti-n~li

ç¡Signature i. . 'ä ~I

, ..

APPROVED 13Y:

rÌ '''-1.. ;.
tl:WJSignature alldKc-f)m) .
Date.

FOREST Wildlife Staff. Officer:

Cc:menta:

---~
SG02400

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 21 of 22

Literature cited/consulted: .
./'

.)

Ames, C .R. 1977. wildlife conflicts in riparian management: grazing: IN:

Importance, Preservation and. ~~agement of Riparian Habitat:: A Symosium.
July 9, 1.977, Tucson, .AZ. USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Report RH-43.

presented at Society for Range

Buckhouse, J.C. 1981'. 'Riparian response to certain grazing management. Paper Management Meeting, Tulsa, OK, 1981.
Clary, W.P. and B~F. Webster. 1989. Maaging grazing of riparian areas in the Intermountain Region. USDA-Forest Service" Gen. Tech. Report INT-265.
Fletcher, R_ 1979. Status report on 'Cirsiumvinaceum. ,USDA Forest Service, Region 3, Albuquerque, NM.

Harper, J.L. 1977. Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp. 542-547 and 732.734.
Huenneke, L.F. 1991. population size and density effects in population variability. A case study of two Cirsium species. Unpnbl. project proposal. NMSU Department of Biology;' Las Cruces, NM p. 10.

Martins, W. C. and Hutchins, C.R. 1981. A Flora of New Mexico. J. Cramer,

Germy. p. 2000.

A handbook of
New Mexico Native plants Protection Advisory Committee. 1983.

J

rare and endemic plants of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press,

Albuquerque, NM. p. 26. 27 ,
Platts, W.S. and R.L. Nelson. 1989. Characteristics of riparian plant

comunities and streamans with respect to grazing in northeastern Utah. IN:
Proceedings of practical Approaches to Riparian Resource Maagement, An Educational Workshop. May 8-11, 1989. Billings, MT.
Platts, W.S. 1989. Compatibility of livestock grazing strategies with fisheries. IN:Proceedings of practical Approaches to Riparian Resource Management, An Educational Workshop. May 8-11, 1989.. Billings, MT.
Reznicek, A.A. 1987. Are small reserves worthwhile for plants? Endangered

Species Update. Vol. 2, No.2. pp. 1 - 3 .
Spellenberg, R. 1980. Letter dated January 18, 1980 to Lincoln National Forest
Supervisor concerning Lilium philadelohicum. Lincoln National

Forest files,

Region 3.

Tepedino, V. J. and T. L. Griswold. 1984. Pollination Biology of Threatened and
University, Logan UT. pp. 140-141 and 143-144.

Endagered Plants. USDA-AR Bee Biolo~J and Systematícs Laboratory, Utah State
Thomson, J. 1991. An investigation of the biology of Cirsium vinaceum. Master's thesis, ~ew Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM. 96pp.

_.._..~

SG0240 1

Case 1:04-cv-00786-SGB

Document 43-7

Filed 08/15/2008

Page 22 of 22

USDA Forest Service. District wildlife and sensi ti va plant atlases, Cloudcroft Rager Distric~. Lincoln National Forest, Region 3.

:1

USDA Fores.t: Service. 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991. Survy and monitoring reports for Cirsium vinaceum. Lincoln National Forest, Region 3.

USDA Forest Service. 1989, Interim Magement Plant for Cirsi ur vinaceum.
Lincoln

National Forest, Region 3.

USDA Forest Service Memo. March 23, 1992. Letter to Hollis Muson detailing

sumer use on Sacramento Allotment.
Werner, P .A. 1975. Predictions of fate fram rosette size in teasel. Oecologia 20: 197-201.

Wessma, L. November 4, 1991. USDA Forest Service Memo - 1991 Sumer Use

Inspection ..
Wessma, L. September 23, 1992. USDA Forest Service Memo - Lucas Canyon

inspection.
Wood, S. 1991. The effect of one season's herbivory on Cirsium vinaceum. New Mexico State University research project, unpublished study.8pp.

Wood, S. 1992. Soil compaction trials data and report. Unpubl. report for USFS
ClbudcrcftRanger District, Lincoln National

,Forest, Otero County,NM. 4 pp.

¡)

Persons contacted:
Ted Bonnell, High Nogal Ranch Don DeLorenzo, Wildlife Staff Officer, Lincoln National Forest Bob Dancker, Soil Scientist ,Lincoln National Forest James GOBS, permittee Huenneke, New Mexico State University. Dr. Laura Sarah Malaby, Biological Techician (field notes) Rick Newmon, Mayhill Range Staff, Lincoln National Forest Reggie Fletcher, Regional Ecologist, USFS, Region 3 Teresà Prendusi, .Regional Botanist, USFS, Region 3 Ane Cully, Botanist, USFWS, Albuquerque

-~~
SG02402