Free Exhibits - District Court of Colorado - Colorado

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM

Document 141-3

Filed 01/11/2007

Page 1 of 31

Petroleum
Engineering
DRILLING

AND WELL COMPLETIONS

CARL GATLIN
Department
of

Pstrotetm Engineering

The

of

El
EXHIBIT

PRENTICE-HALL INC

EnglewoodCliffsNJ

WS

o001269

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM

Document 141-3

Filed 01/11/2007

Page 2 of 31

Dedicated

to

LILA

AMY

and

JEFF

PRENTICE-BALL INC
EwoLEwoon
CLZFFS

1960

All

reserved

part
in

of

may be by mimeograph
without

book

any

form

or

any

other

means

writing publishers

Library

of

Congress

Catalog

Card

Current
19

printing 16

last

digit

fllflflp

itt

OF 66215

WS

0001270

FILE t1..429 02.10.OS

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM Document 141-3 IDC a.ASG0W 1610

Filed 01/11/2007

Page 3 of 31

chapter

Factors

Penetration Rate

a.i

tat oductian have
remained

Some
prices last

of

th

more recognisable

which

5cc

penetration

rate

ar

the

following

Contract
constant

drilling

eesentlslly despite the

Personnel

efficiency

over

the

ten

or Litton

yaxa

Competence
experience

fact that the greatest Indationtry period In United Stats history has occurred during the same time This due largely to the unique price stability has been and nsthr highly ocrnpedt4ve resourceful of the
drilling

Psychological

companyemployee
prideln job chance

relations

indbstry In

In

generaL

sad

to the

rig

floor has
for

and

laboratory

thinking

and

experimentation

advancement
preventive

resulted

techniques

and
of

Rig ofteieney
State
of

nking
The aoton which
ceodlugly
affect

repair

maintenance
of

rat

penetration

are

numerous and certainly an not completely understood at this rAm Undoubtedly influentW variable exist axs yet unrecognlaed .4
rigorous
difficulty

Proper of Ease power
Pormi.ticn

a
sutcunaticiy

equipment

analysis of

of

rate

is

Isolating interpretation

complicated the variable
of field

the

under

Compress vs strength Eardnen and/or abrasivenece
State
of

study
Involve detected
fluid

Por example
uncertainties

data of

may

underground
brittle

stress

overburden

pies-

due

to

the

poesibUity Studies the
of

un

sure
or
plastic

changes in
are

drilling

preparing except seutloaL the

two

on

by always plagued muds having 31 under observation become more

diffimslty

of

Stickiness

or

boiling

tendency
pressure

Permeability

and
In

other later
It

Fluid

content

and

cornpleuitjes

will

pparsnt

Porosity

Temperature
to increase

While It is rate such gains

Meeniee3
expense of

factors

must
does of

be not

made

at

the

over-compensating booin drilling rate
lowest accelerated cost per foot bit

effects necessarily

The fastest
result factors

en
as

in

Weight on bit Rotating speed Bit typo

drilled

hole
failure

Mud

properties

wear equipment
thould

ste may
in

raise

a.Denity
Solid content properties

coot
the

These

restrictions discussion

be kept
deals

which

la.rgcay

with

on
114

flow
fluid

bont

drilling

rats

WS

0001271

FILE No.429

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM Document 141-3 1611 IDC 02.1O.O3
INTRODUCTION

Filed 01/11/2007 i-w oinzn

Page ._ 4 of 31
115

cii

71M5

0.0001

StC./Po1P4T -INCH DPOP
force Sot

lilac 04001 nc./PoInr Dl 74- INCH DROP
niices

P55 5.1

of typical ci

heist
After

cdth

aM

oat
courtee

bit

night

15Th

Sot

blow vs India

Peningtl
that

API
are

onnatica

pcnettsdcm
$he
Itfiura

rates

Smite teuoznttebilj

further bottova hole

consider

meahtnn
elastic

Iowet let a of that roche

tRka.uBc

tactorseeeentlaily

cleaain

Paperimeuta by Battall Ins are of
pert

on the
Institute

rot

for

Thilllng

nudsm.ntab
drilling

of Bock

Pailnre
be

considerable studies

twdnnsntsl drop tester

bternC
cerisisting

Research In
of

these

pnrpoes

rot mayo1s sos

Into

wsighted heights

Mt
close

on

rod
the

wA

bopped
the force

from below

various

ItaerSI

types edt sad shales unconsolidated
sands stales porous
llnitstorzea

striking

rock

spCmea

.lSoft rocks
moderstlr

to

gauges recorded

to the bit sflowsd

waveforms

Bitt tab
in

cemented

by en

oscifloscope earners. at

Pour ench

patterns

Medium dczIles
flint

rocsi

sad

for

single

blows Note

nrlcns

drop
fret foris
of

shown

Øcnaolidsted dense

sands

rpsum
and ddcmftea
of

1tgare highly
all

tL

be

pek

is

2000

lb for

rocks

oases

with with

the

magnitude

the

second

hi
the
first

camanted BandsJ

qiartsfte diecunion bits
soft of

creatg

44 Uty
61

ou ea4i
be
drilled

rot
drag-

by the sctsjtg-cuttng
cutter bite

peak and between
energy surface the

drop with an

Figure

shon
scale
blat

expanded

time

Tb

quits
cornfl

to the

crushing

type bite
offset

or

by the
drilled

gsiiiding-scraping action

neguladties steOp

on the rock
elope denotes the
elastic

sad

cone-angle
bit

The
penetsa type
of

constant
is

scaly by
is

the crushing
to

don
is

being

undergone
point

rock
doss not

the
fall

of the

teeth

latter

not above

and

\VS

0001272

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE No.429

Document 141-3
GLASGOW

02.1O.OS

1612

jflC

Filed 01/11/2007 Page 5 of 31nul FAX Q14114d
flu

%.r

I16

FACTOR$

AFFECJTh43

PENBIRATIOPI measured
exist at

laboratory
ot

condition
to extensive the

and
oil

thofl

WJzi4

at the deptha

industry on

siderable properties has

and been

Q.

an

bibliography

bY Wuisrket
the
effect of slso

Other
preseu.r

ystlcdons
rock Xn general ooznpresehre related picture
also

concerned are

dxlflabljy

svtLIable.s7 rate the varies inversely

penetration strength
of of of

wiab

th

rook being
or abrasiveness

drilled enters

Tt
ef

property because

it

effect

On bit
rocks quarteltee

The
are abort

the strongest

eodlmentsry various

quartz
drilling

610
elanlo

arid

which

offer

problems whoa encountered
properties of formation ore by the state of stress at which sheila is typical of most of this they become increasingly dieuls to

0-a A-b

0u$
ts5c aes sLart

The
exist effect
1jrili

greatly Influenced

5C

aS

The
because

th

liii
.bcdec
esiw VIE 5.2 Epanded
Sagle stoat surface
After Cret

Lau

Wockas

Qt.qfl

at greater

cctsider

ilement of nvoierm
the the hole
eborrient

with Parninflcc
a

fares puts in O.094n Oocrtfl3

of stores cc

of this behat depths For explanation 8.4 which thin formation below zj with the upper liquid stxflso subjected to pressure dept.L to

bt AIX

ladlans

8athe

which

1e4
of

pend ens sad
spesldrig

on
this

mud
as

density the

Practically

mark
wedge

Between
Is

pressure tends

removal
strengt.h it

pobis

the

beneath the hIs Is crushed tsnnnlttcd to th rock around the wedge en4 chip ar formed Beyond point eaegy level drepe undl cbs hit abet scala contacts solid rock Is left another pcik occurs energy etc It wfts found that amuunt of rock was the

nntow

element
creased expected
will

though
effect

rocks

wee

Is

blow

the applied

ensrfl

pressure of euch

Therefore superlznpceed

my be
stresses

be more pronounced
than flgure

weak soft
that
drilling

relat3vsly

com
beds en

pressible essentially

in stronger yalue at

more competent
confining subsesptcnt

rate reaches

linearly

relatdd

to

the

energ

miuiuusm

some
at

Other

premure
higher

with

little

than impact losdlng thxsilar geird rpsults acept that .nertr level was required to fracturs The given amount of rock Figures
with
rtatle

rather

occurring

8.3

ariA

are exactly

e.nslogobs
brittle

to cable

drmflfsai

or any -percussive devise In The sequence of pictures
drilling

rocks
8.8
In

In

Figure
bit

the at
sir

This Is pe.rdoularly evident for the pnssuros in shale shown 8.50 Also note that effect of conaing rate Is greater pressure on drilling higher bit weights as is shown in Figure 8.6 cud Chippendale have reDorted Payne test rest which
failure

lend

further high

action

of

rolling

cutter

atmoepherlo clrctlstlan

conditions Outtktgs In the Sat gileture
as the tens rolls picture

andstcn are rtnpved by
force
is

Insight Into atmospheric toads

the

vs

pressures carbide being

rieohan_jg of reek In thee
with penetrstof
Cf

the center tooth until exceeds explosion e1e-rgnth rotary the fourth the

The rock
applied
faIlure

applied does not los4

to
fall

experiments round
the
arid

mm

were applied to rocks

diameter
of results

thntcn
shown impoeed
the

when
in

type

the

rocks

etrdagth sinks deeper It

The

small

study
letters

Typical
of

PIgure hydrosts.Sc

Dt
presrS
to
the visible refer

and
In

denote

with

chips

ens
Is

times as the tooth
picture
drilling

the that the

of atmospheric applied cracks load

and

iOO

numbers
the

.may

thus

be

surmised

xnenhnisnt

from

the

straight

not too basically percussive cable toot method

pounds appeared sad the
easily
failure

tests

around

indentatios

were separate

removable

Under

8.8

Rca
width govern understood between
drilling

Tb. rock
completeLy lacking

rate

are

not
Is

Furthermore and elastic strength

eorreltion

by was more plastIc as evidenced which up around the dr not be removed Estee the presalon e.nd sandstone was brittle at tow prceeun s.nd plastic atb Not all rooks behaved in this preeaae the ssSt and dolomite experienced Qurtrdte granite the extruded material

however

piopeniee

as

type

of

failure

gt

the

higher

preesurc

however

the

WS

0001273

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE No.429
lj

Document 141-3
GLASGOW

Filed 01/11/2007
FAX01412217739

Page 6 of 31
PAGE so

02.10.OS

1613

3.31

ROcK CHARACTERISIICS

117

preclabic .3

prr.ssure

differential

would

exist asroes

t.bj

element Thit

hence

the pressure effect

conclusion

Bredthauer

and Murray pad

and is In agreement with their experi Cminlngbsxn7 mental evidence Le that permeable rocks irbi a1 towed preaure equslisadon change
it

ahead

the bit showed no with
that

sppreelsbhs these

in

drillsbillty

preemn
also

From

data

may

be

concluded

eny other factors
will

facilitating

the be

effect

mote rapid pressure relief preamare on drilling rats
incompressibie to borehole

decrease

saturated

with

rock eornplat.aly fluids nice oil should
effects

sensitive

pressure

ecataicing

gas since
is

email to equslise pressure

mud

filtrate

sxmclent

qus.ndty of fore mth

111
ta
os4ftIab

Etsada
are

_rock
faftuge Ia taflure of

stantial

porous same rock
geologists
as

drills

faster

fact

long

for detecting
this effect

dense the used by drillers sad ci such soca preeenoe been

than

aused

by rolli

cizttmr

bit

major conpreslte

Wy t01

keU lmtad$atily Than Cced rook etrength And 4spe

atmospheric t5aurt with cuttnga by sir Sinning in tooth liens epplypresthe rock as the conerufle forward tbsrvok not pioterrt
stafla sofltjui$ the preecure of
Ii

strength

The
eat

effect

Is probably due to the lower porous zones in the renee of our inter.

tooth

The
to

th

Finally

by

picture

3D

enkl
Tool

Lv dlec5nre

O.tC Mt

Uua
ctittin

astanj
ToOl

After

d1-e with GHss and se Murray F0-

the

hub

on rock properties ever rock failure

not generally

considered

How

more

plastic as

temperature

cowtmpy

Eughot

Cozopwy

hgr than
Pcnderg

t5teeaay
at

to produce tbe fracture atmospheric conditions

wore 60 to 100%

The balling tendency in primarily fcnnaton de on Its ruinaral composition clays In particular form pasty mixture Wtth water which becomea between bit teeth

SM suirtas
Iooth

the

cones and
arid

the entire

Pixie drilling

reduces

penetration
aJflity

Pt

ooctscquantiy
driflnbility

rate

affects

the

of rooks

ffeet on the relief of imposed pressures LtlZ the rock element in Figure

through Conalder
this

ton

rock

7ere

suachnuy

Pig 8-4 fl.mrs rock ta Murray sad
000rtetq

beneath

permeable

to

the

chilling

fluid

no ap-

AIMt

OinnMks1

WS

0001274

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE No.429

1614

IDC

Document 141-3
GLASGOW

FiledFAX 01/11/2007

Page 7 of 31

rp-eac

re

uS

FACTORS

PENETRAI1ON

RATE

ii5 fl7
.ASLE
2.6PSaMY
SIAI.E

1f
As
DIA

stt

1r

ecoca srwm
e.-wsc

rsfl
CA

Pal

co.nec nasaevc
Fig such
goes

t5

40
Penetration rate

CD ye cocnIag

OSnghaa
increases
as
drflftug affects

preenire

for

cuw$z AIMS
drilling

nioue rook tpee

After

Mwny

end

may

be of suck

in

the future
as

fluid

seinclion the

Ad

general opera%ing

prpaedezc5

No
grain

mention
site of

deeper has been

are of properties of

1l

nature of the rocks

be
of

drilled

Poissons
or other

elastlotty

Consequently rock cbaractcriatlcs parlance with ostionaJ procedures

ar

ks

beJeg secondaxY

modulus meats
ties

more involved These

measure
8.4

of

and

elastic

behavior
for flelL

are in fatten

enet4
could

unknown
In

proper att sedimentary rocks knowledge thorough knowledge
too south

MechanIcal Factor
rate tress penetrstios and/or the rotary these
it

the conditions
these of

of interest

In on

by
which imposed
are

the

15W

1e4
of reck

to

more

the bit

speed

may

bet

the mechanics
It

failure apace

plied

limits

by dtb

seem
allotted controL to

to the reader rock properties

has

crooked
tione

been

which

are

beyond
that
it is

hole us postpone

equipment

conthdfl sad/or hydraulic bC our discussion of crooked

bumn
practices

It

be realised which
geologic

problems until
factors
aideredb

and chapter
or
ocf

deal

wi%b

tke

thee rock

properties

In different

areas

govern Sole sire

drilling

thip constant

vaiabS

wIlIbs

type

no

except

WS

0001275

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE No.429 02.1O.Q3

Document 141-3
ID.C
GLASGOW MECHANICAL

Filed 01/11/2007
FAX

Page 8 of 31
PRGE

1614

9.47

PAUcma
Vi

al.n4

.___

-_

flg

LI

Rock

CSeteG

xc

PSI

letten at

tiy
cbippan4s3e$

under teAm d.aote AtmoapbLte indices applied courtee 8.8
it critical flughes

pressinee S000 pal preaure lapse The Altar Payne and

Company
that for

Prom

Figure

seb

rock type

the points
straight

the

184 Re on approximately

linesIt

ti
where

RasbW
naeous or rte ft/br WwwelghtonbitTh
intercept

bSkn

penetration

and

dependent

on

elope rock
fluid

which
propertees bit

are

and
tend to

type
Other substantiate able ranges only quate otter cleaning does

drilling

etc
laboratory

both flel4UM
the linearity of bit
qf

vereos

loeSp
are cutting

TM

Wove

reason
true

relation

ecastant

Zn particular ads removal must be maintained
oonztsnt clroub.tcss velues rate of

The

noelc
es
F111 .5.6

cx

no

not necaaasIly
nozzle velocity

mean

Or constant

tee

at higher are being

more and ye Alte
bit

larger dreulatian unless function the

generated
affect to

Drliiag
variable

rats

and

bad Oneingbam

Consequently
relationship perform

inadequacies rate at
is all

will

high

enough
of

equywfl
emphasised

The te
on
is

will

further

in

later

section

devoted general
effect

to hydraulic

of

this

variable

an

rate

of

panda-

ShoWn
drilling

in

Pigure

S.L

Note

that there are two

Rotational

Sped
of
this

atinct

redone

The

variable

on penetration on

rate

is

not

drilling

at bit loads to

compreWe
approiwately 30000

strength

too rate

well

established with are the

In

general
rotary

bottom

drilling

of the rock out the pink qua.rtzite

lb
weight
are

increased

speed
effect

dr
if

and 8.11
this
critical

typical following

the rotary

speed

at

hj

loads

gut that

relationship

ads

guns no tad sug

bviouajy

bit

weights In

us
principle
Is

4eeirable

Pplied

possible

The
shows

wS11

by
rate the

8.2
wbersf some
rotary function

1gure cka

Oj

which

the increase in penetration
hit

footage

when

s4ent
strength

weight to applisd

overeciAe

speed

rpm

compreaistve

was

WS

0001276

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE
No.429

Document 141-3
GLASGCM

02.1O.O3

1615

IDCS

Filed 01/11/2007 l-pc0141a1

Page 9 of 31

120

FACTORS

PENETRA71ON

DRILLINC
UMEST0NE

4j

iNDIANA

F1
-II

rn
-4--

ia

I-

aINDLMA
IS-

QUARTZITE58 Up4E810ug49A
MARBLE

MGRAYGRANITES03A BLACK DOLOMITE VwESTTExA$rUNTI

CARTHAGE

898

IC

--

---

--

a-

---i

-- -RRA
TLAG

.c
RAN
ITt

j-PINK

-I-.-.-

--

-J

et_J

OnY4jTE

SLAtK

-i
.6

q9Izsr

i30

th
40 ThOUSAND 50
nou
toot racks Laboutory sta

LB Wi
rate for

SIg

The

bit

on

peastration

aoepbsric prneoa

Courtesy

Rushes

he
100

Again the true nlatAorasbip eaaing variable rpm
not

nay
at

be

obscured

by

the at

eouflrm

this

saslyali

for

rotary

roller

nozzle velociiy 200

Turbodrill rotating

thta to be cited

contjnz

Eq

for

tatter

speed aeai bottom

adequate rpm bat only bUt as ninth
the next tooth
set

into at the time to

speeds

up

to

750

jptt

prior to

Combined
forth

US
combination
of

The Bandit Institute rate of sdnnoe predicting
It

formula for and AT
.5-

An 8.3
where

empirical

ti

sad

83

1w-

linearity

between

dleates

was

assumed
the

that

each of

impact

removes

eentlly
this

same

amount

Pundarngntefly
not

would

seam logical

sf

fWW
constants for
set

of

WS

0901277

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE No.429 02.1O.03

IDC

Document 141-3
GLASGOW

Filed FAX 01412217739- 10 of 31-QLt 01/11/2007 Page

10

3U

Sec

1.41

MECHANICAL FACTORS
Dn
les

121
per inch following

8t

aot

ACD

nibstirutthg
In

applied weight

diameter
result

for

equations

84
where
it bit

diameter
bit

lb/in

diameter

Th
fig

BS
application 001UtC17

peactrstoa

facilitated

ptoper atrcoephs$c

bit

wtbt

Sc
have
drill

Xabontay
tool

data

Compety
8.10 at
anSI

pa
Wand

flcre 8.12

ojPigQre Other

combined dstat exhibit
are low

bbontoz
earns

tnrbo nine
error
lain-

The compreseive
Lu drilling

strengths to be

of

many

rooks

encamtared
to

that

little

volved thstla
sidered

asatutlag that

proportional

thatsOla Eq

flg LIZ Zifact .razjous %4 vcgbia

of

rotary Reptotted

speed

8.1

of bit

Itissisogeusraflycan may be iflmlnated by

ggU
tremely
.tast.a

tree

oa peu.trsU data of

rats

at

and

eonte.y

API

Equation 8.4
bard rpck

maybe
drilling of Analysis weight of

in error for

ex
as

aco

rran

West

Versa

field

showed the effect power Sanction

to be

expressible

to
1tOr5OC1.t
Eqs 8.3
not
fit

fwN
erhjiirieal

6.4 and aM eltuatlons

8.5 are purely Certainly to cause practical

may
are

not

valid subb

lot

irtoo
are
of

exosfl little

n4k

failure

however

values
tCcol

Frog

Ljnjkstioaa

on

esd
within string and elected wear

These operatnal
bit life Thulte

must
Over-eli
trip

of coons be imposed by economic rats
Is

penetration

greatly

increased

due

to

operating

frequency caused at esoeedvs
bit

lImitation on bit weight of by the sjlowsba tooth been currant maximum whicbbas
practical

go-rotted
itself

applied that

to

and some

bit

types

is

10000
are
affects a-nd

lb/in

Recall
this

crooked Rotational

thdazationa speed

ignored bit

performs-not

primarily

through

SayeR
Fig
Efteca bit of rctasy epeed

bearing on
penetration

tooth loads st$ng

wear and
failures

through

severity

vibrational from
of

retest nxjou Bielatala and

Moat
fatigue

drill

are attributed

to

material

wcjaj4s

Repiutted eouztcey

API

which has been aggravated

by oceroelon

and/or

WS

0001278

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE No.429

1617

IDC

Document 141-3
GLASGOW

Filed 01/11/2007
FAX

Ql4l1I

Page 11 of 31

122

FACTORS AFFECTING

PENETRATION

RATE

lCho5

5C5MOiJSAPJO
fIg 8.12
Rate fatigue
of it stress of pcaetrstise

is

WIM

Data
the

of

bupropa
are related

care to

and both the
of the atreas

failures

increased question

rotating

speed

decreased

But

rnensjs
exjiected the

arises

the ngnitude both table

he bit

that

be.applied

WN
what

is

the limiting

nine which
will

eeed and
Of
critical is

on

tnt affect
table

satisfactory

solution

in

one

not necessarily diferent
Tt is

quency of such to be the more
oollaz4ole

two The
pipe

seemS
drill

apply to another where

conditions
this

are factor

provided

excessive
drill

however
operitlng

possible

to estimate

standard

clearance sections

avoided
of
drill

coDas
the
is

practices operating

Par example
weight-speed curves

flgure 8.18
to

shows
bit

the

adjacent

wDflt
these

common
sizes the

punishment
sections that

from most

vibrational slim-es

lads

In

Constant
operating

WN

ranges

for various

added

occur
string
eftect.a

trend

with

reasonable

ac

theoretically

every

drill

fre
are

quency
generally will

at

which

vibrational table

inadinum

is

The curacy In an attempt Speert optimum suutsted

WN
size

values

shows

were chosen arbitrarily

approximate
derived

tb

indicated solution
falls

agreed that
in severe

in resonance

with this allure

similar
his

for that

vibrations

and

accelerated 8.6
for

WY
In

nine tiS
will

tune
If the factor

frequency
this
critical

Main
speed This

has
qi.nge based

and

is

not quite

symmetricaL

on

certain

This approach been
these or

be shown
data

later

one assumes that
current limiting so be table

assumptions wi4ely applied

formula

has

not however

similar

represent

conditions reasonable

then
solution to the

7TH
conbiatªons
the constant for
it

appears

problem of Other weightspeed

8.6
wherc

speed-bit

weight

mdl
product

IT

catee
critical

however

that

speed are

at

which vthratot

efecta length

maximum rpm
ft

approach
given rnixdng

may be however
proper nay be nines
as

determining an pthnum
unsatisfactory

may be
for

detC
the

drill

given as 8.13 factor

Note
Ocolu
at

Higher

order

vibrattons

will

also

Bit

site

eliminated oVFigure
of

from

4W

etc
drifting

suggested

by again

expressiflt

Crane
constant
qualitative

has suasted
weight-times-speed

on
This as
is

bit loading

Thin 10

diameter

factor
field

8.7
is

taWK
lb-rpm/ia
figure

agreement

practices

weight

where

8.18

WS

0001279

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE

Document 141-3
GLASGOW

Filed 01/11/2007
FAX 01412217739

Page 12 of 31
PAGE

IDC

12

30

Sec

841

MECHANICAL

MCTORI

123

R.P.M

R.P.M

50

00
Fig

iso

zoo

aso

ioo

$0

too

no

300

R.P.M
Lit
DrOlthg pn.etke
Curves

R.P.M
thowing
applied

esap
Curves

of

wcLght of

aad

rotary

speed

Company

constaat

weIgbtepced

It Se
75to Sjto Otto
lOt tQ

fln
tO
ft

ws
101

lb-ipm

4.0

La

10

12

4.4

WS

0001280

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FiLE No.429 02.1O.03

Document 141-3
GLPSGOW

Filed 01/11/2007
FAX01412217739

Page 13 of 31

124 nines
the
is will bite will

FACORS

AFFECTiNG
bit

PUIETRAflQN RATS
rnodellin.g

flap.5

Acceptable

vary with
not tolerate the
little alas larger

clay
it is

wit
readily

hemmer and
cut

the
as high however1 practices Using

however
range

the

sizes to be

shown
in

confining plastically actiun

pressures
it

merely deform it with Since at the harder rocks may behave

i4

appears

difference

again

be
should to design
of

Eq

CL

aa

means
to

of

relating

and

we

shovelling bee
roller

wcnj4 seem percussive bit that cutting poor choice and or The more efficient problsn drag
standing or

may now 8.8
where

alter

8.4

been

an

offse$

etc1

capable

stresses cutting

cone angt and abzasiv
In

wear necessary

for

employing
in

action

ix
This creases relationship proportionally restricted that
this

high

strength
bits drill

Diamond
shows
with that
IDIP

much
as

the

penetration
if

rate

in

bits

each

acting

an

same rnner lnddnal tooth
smaller

as

dra
soft

and JrLD

toN most

is

to
entire

nius
is

realised

empirical scope curves

product must be and Ilk
of

stone widly spaced the hardest rocks more closely spaced
of

patterns

ate

used im relatively
stonee

dxWig

requires

ami
is

designs

empirical

e4uatlons

has

ap
to

plicability range
of

Indicate

course largely rset$cted wells where reduction 4eep prime

Usage to hard rock areas
in trip

and/or
is

frequency

applIcability

The
the
bit

uniformity
is

060 with wbMh

300
the force
Is

applied

of handling npruisly dependent on the be payS the brake line should out drilling is constant The ideal smoothly so that the bit operation
driller

8.5

The

Effect

of Drilling

Properties on

eaesratlnn Rate
In Chapter
it

the jtother controlled
drilling

full

attantlcs use
of

of the

was

inthnated

that

drifting

crew namber
feed to insure

The eva

an hard

aUto

matically

constant

loading

has

rate

10%

tress

one functiots undesirable might and that th mud for other wag reasons based on the considerations compromise generally will become most critics to the ares in question
property desirable lot

1$
Is

precise

nature

of Is

drilling

attics

of

roller

bits

mere apparent as we consider the tin on the rate of penetration The effect of mud density has
since
it

effect

of

mud
been

praper
covered

quite

Involved

and
was

not apparently

completely

governS This
is of

mentioned in Qiaptos ada fonnation roller bits have longer teeth spaced with eqasiclerabte cone offset These Impart drag Ut understood
cuttCng

As

bottom
Figure the

hnpoeed pressure probably the main
drilling effect of

the

on

the

hills

contxibtttlng

to the sGcoesa

in

such areas as depleted
density
Is

8.lL

The

mud
it

probably
exerted

not

cotton along
drilling

nearly

static

completely expressed
of

in

terms of
should

pressure be

Thus

action rock

complex
true roll

combination

two by

oolunm

Bather

considered

mechanisms

Lard

bits

ban

zero

aet1
an
prohibit cutting

thus

they approach
percussive

essentially action in

proc
bit

and Tooth
of

nr
drill

utilization

of any large degree hard rocks

shovelling

Numerous
tooth to

factors

a5eot

such

as

termS of the pressure differentis between the Interstitial rock said the Imposed pressure told presents in All rocks en porouS although some are so slightly flsrefore porous that we consider than non-porous the case where no mud reconsider Figure 8.4 In is exerted case Internal pressures presSUre

geometry tooth row pettats
designs

hearing formative

spacing row type wedge cone offset number of cones cbs An in metallurgical control
bit design the
is

paper itudy
bits

concerning to

that for

Benison
detailed

which

rofetred

Drag time

are

little

used for
Is

oil

well

at bits

this

decline

in usage

due drag used seems one

to these
is

un
in any by
on

satisfactory
drilling

action and
is

the

an

effizient

widely It

in

the

dustry

for

logical

rook which
this

behaves
of

plastically

could

best be

drilled

Fig 8.14
In

List
County

drilling

of After

sir

type

For

example

pound

Atoka

Qklabc-

vs mad Adsass esflflesf

wfl sfl

WS

0001281

FILE

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM Document 141-3 No.429 02.10.OS 1619 IDC GLASGCM
tSj

Filed 01/11/2007 Page 14 of 31 PAGE FAX 01412217739
ON
PENETRATION RA1E

Sec

THE

EFFECT

OF DRILLING
the

FLUID

125

within

rock the bit

will

remove

ems
the

element

Is

shown

as

function per oent

Stormer

viscosity
filtration

OtL15
rate

below

and

thus Increase cuttings

dillab1i
below allLwe

variables

including

solids arid
is

Rapid
each
of

retnonl tooth

were
factor

also

Involved

so that

not

the
viscosity of

successive

impact to attack
drilling

new

rock

t1bla

influencing

results .Rc

For normal

rnuda
that

course leads to
highly

faster

and
at Since
it

so intsrrelate4

isolation of

that

turbulent
desirable for this

conditions

the density

either

factor

is

difficult bit

From
and
the

standpoint

lubri

bottom are
appears in

purpose

cation causes chaxicen tension

between
high of

rock hence

Reynolds other lactose

number

expression

film

prures
these

and

high viscosity reduces the
Surface

that

if

are constant

an

increase

having
enters

rock-to-tooth

friction

density cuttings

decrease

This and Conknl

Is

znlnor not

bottom dearance tine dect as far as density Is con
warrant
epeciflc

considerations

The
before
this

bit

teeth

mast
the

shear

end

displace

drilling

hid
for

cerned
Solid

attention

rock

The
on

energy eanended viscosity very

purpose

is

dependent
provide

high

viscosity

muds may

an effective

Yiecot5

cushion

Many
and
It is

of

vary to
isolate

with data

content

which softens bit teeth
be considered regathto
their

Yield point
contribution to

may
apparent

thus to

difficult

which

relate in In

specifically

this

lactoj

It baa

long

been
of

or equivalent

Newtonian

West
the

Texas
drilling fluid

vn
use
of

smell

amounts Such

clay rates are

greatly

drilling

oh

tamable by
pletely density

water

decreases

corn
small

beyond those expected and is apparent
Involted

the relatively that
it

factor been
of

must
that

be

More

recently

found

muds in which email quantities
wholly or
partially drilling

CMC
the It
Is

re
of

for larger

bantonite that
logical

allow other to

rates
content the such
solid

despite

fact

mud
factor

properties that the

remain the sate
solid

then
be

ascume

may

itself

separate bit

Ferhspe
eontaot

particles

cushion tharp opinion zauds

tooth-rock

that

V$3COSITY
is

Op
effect of

impact
of exerts

Is

no

obtained
that

At

any

rate
of

the in

Fig

Lid

Laboratory data skowlag Altar Eckal0 drilling rate Loss
of filtration

on

svt

many

experts separate

percentage
distinct effect

and

on

fltnioii
drilling

ratt flow FropcKes

The
rocks In normally that the used available
drflling

effect

on the

drillability

of

permeable

baa been explained
with

by Murray and
on
hydrostatic rate that penetrfllon

their studies

The
tntlre

same hole

pumps ne
This Insane

the

sure effects affected

They found

was

pres not

hydranlic increase

borxepower
In

must and

eseentisily constant viscosity the Increases

An
and
Chip
rate

were equalized

by Imposed borehole pressureeJf such peenirea ahead of the Water for nample
enter

714W

point

system

frictional

may
that

readily

perzneble rock ahead
differential exists

of

the the

bit

so

eeeea

thereby

reducing applied

premue
the

drop

no

pressure

aeron

thin

which

tan
is

be

acros

bit

element decreased

drilled

tow

water

loss

tme way

however
Low pcrrneabil definite

thus

increased

and
number
to
its

almost Instantaneously
ity
filter

deposit

tough

Vlacceity
Its

influences

bottom

bole turbulence
is

In

same

on the hole bottom
differential

allowing

on the Reynolds
of

much more
range of hole

pressure effecte diacu.eaed penetrate

to exist

This

has two detrimental

drastic ice
tiona

than tb5t

density due
at

wider

the

Pat example
ranges
ratio

bottom

coadi

dyoamie pressure den already and that t4re requirement the j4j tooth
filter

corarnenly

yollotdal

muds

of

from 0.50 ep for water 50 cx for 100 variation for this

the

cake

prior to are

contacting trapped

the rook the pany

Also
filter

the

loosened

cuttings

MmeviscoeityrflemIg$befrom3tol6lb/pl1or4
ratio seect of Therefore of exerts
t.urbulest

cake

mixture and

longer

bottom

trance

considerable

times
FIgure 8.18

on the attainment

flow
of

shows
rate

the observed
in

Results are

from the laboratory
in FIgure

experiments the
relative as

Eckel
rate fluid

the penetration

shale
to

effect of water on As stated by Cnnafr.ghem this effect

shown

8.15

Rae

drilling drilling

and

Goins

it Is difficult

explain

In almost

based

on the rate obtained

using

impermeable

rocks

however

even

the

extremely

low

WS

0001282

FILE No.429

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM Document 141-3 IDC GLQSGCM
02.1O.03 1621

Filed 01/11/2007 t01412217SS

PAGE Page 15 of 31

15

30

126

FA0RS

APEECTING PEnETRATION Generally
lubrication inoreasee Cinereased
bit

JOsep

2.5

-1-S-s-

drilling to better

ban

been aflr1buj bqe4joj

life batter

.15Th

conditions troubles bafling
less

enlargement
hole-plpv
friction

minimum

at

by

bydratabte that in
soft

clays

heaving shaie and drag and Ia shala AS present It
Is

considered Lb

balling rook

mod

Ins.

OUTs1Dt

porte.nt wAtEscounsi

factor

areas
that
lees

tncressed time
is

life

means

non-productive

rIg

expended
rate
Is

In

rnaWng bcUom

trips
It

time

over-gil observed also

Is
COeIPI$lN0

-i MtOP
PS

penetration that

increased on

has also been
rate

Increases despite

drflling

am
toss

ob
to

tsIn4
crease

the oonfilotlng facts generally

ad4itions

.5

water base

muds

water
other

and

In
exist

apparent

visoodty

factors

.15

WAflft

5.9$
drilling

05
rsta wbse
baja tilling

MCO4AMCAL
SOAP-V

tMULSJD

MUtSION

Fig

846
bit tI

Effect with

of

nsa
After

los on
bit in

Wilcox

line

wad
Gcrsat

leberatory point eourts.y
l

dsts
svtrags

weightISO
24
teats

rpm Oanainsbs
an4

Each

.Pclsga
pquieability sation effect water of ebsies

may

sllow

som

pressure content

Also
lose

the conceivably
fluid loss

equell used to
so

reduce from from

could the

cause

the
is

behavior

Thus

which
Is

deeksble

CII

CONCEHTRATCN

PEA CENT
rat vs
data
oil

formation standpoint

dinsge

standpoint

undesirable

V0UME
After

penetration

rats

Fig tie
content

Eeksl
It
of

cowt

neladvs West Texas A.fl for

oil

has long been observed to water bass minds
rate In virtually Increases with smaller

the

field

that always
of

addition

which
effects

wore

than compensate

the

latter

almost
all

penetration

types In

rocks

improves

The
areas

appe
increases

to

occur

the soft rock

being

noted

th results showing on the drillSbUitY of two Gulf centage Note the optimum shown in tion for shale .8 which Is not evident
Laboratory

content decreases and solid Denthtv hetora in some Instances compenss.læng of

may

be

per

shales
all

an

MI

conoentra
4..

shale

This

shale optimum percentage with the West Texas field
s.ie

compares
of rate in

shows
as

the variation of

drLlling

MIce
jet

very 8.18

closely

PIgurs
shale

function

both

and

ye.loclty

very percentage This suggests that the optimum In these tests 1mzeh conditions with hydraulic alightiy In rate was due to the decrease of the increased drilling balling

ahown
to
of steel

in

Figure
bailing

8.20

presence virtue elite

of

oil

le

thought
wetting similar parUcles tionAl the

reduce

by

insulting

in

cffet

on

the

powdered

lea day-steel forming pasta
to reduced ebiUc

preferentW adhesion
shale

may
tests

also contribute

44d1
th.t Insufficient

perfonned on powdered water
content that additional

Interstitial

of the shale

was

pig

s.ii

don
for

Own

ncn
Is

rcactnrot
In
drilling

to toxin

rate

vs

cii

concaatsta

thala

own

81

for balling evidently rate

and paste conditSons
the

should
factor

noted

water was requilld that balling Is penetrsbO
despite
$115

involved
content

Mincens

asIa

barn

Ithorstory Paroisum seurtesy

Cunning BngMee.

aecreaned

above

15%

WS

0001283

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE No.429

Document 141-3
GLcSGOW

Filed 01/11/2007

Page 16 of 31
PAGE

1622
IJ../J

FflX01412217739

16

30

U.
$ec continued
drilling rate

LV%IJ

THE

EFFECT

OF
of

PROflRTIE$

ON

PENETRATION

RATE

liv

flUJ
.17

of

Part
to

the

increased

may

be

due

deeper
oil

tooth

pen.etre.tiOn

ven
the
rock-steel

et
does some
at

reduce

coefficient rate value
oil

just tents

why peneuation
an optimum other become
Inegular shove
In in

con

above

doesnt

unknQwn donihnnt
drilling oil

oases or why it at this lime Other factors under
rate proper conditions Available

spparentiy

and

cause

behavior

evidence

that

concentrations

15 to

20%

are

optimum 3w/ace
Rusthzn
lytes

many

cases

Tclsipn authors surface with 30 active to reported agents that act In as ccrtain rock rate being electro

apd

reducers obtained

by

their

60% inresse use proper

Presumably

tenpwvSe

fl
belied

8.20
bits

Effect in

of

SI

contest

cc
of

the Miocene

of

Mta
En

lsboatory Cuznbgbsra and

Ooia

tUling

thel.

ecurtesy

Peeiesa

to

the

witS.2
bit Ide the type

These and
of

Increases

were due

to both inof

creased

higer.pn..bottqm detergent

Both
rocks

penetation character
It

rates the that

govcn
in

the

effect

obtained.

then appears

alterations In wsttability part
drfllchllity

end
This
offer

play swipe
sensa

investigation

sad

may

eubeqt winnIe further economic promise

8.6 eedtioa

P50t075

In rapidity
Is

we

an

be

cutti4 or chip removal J1usts.ataneoua
Dast

eonoeynad rmnovsi from
particles application regrinding
Is

with the the bit

caine
of

im
been

nacty
shale 2-ease

os

UMS

$41
hi bit

poesible

however
energy can

proper This
the

available

8.19 frc
jet

Ddtliaz

rate

Lenjisa
with Lb

oil pcvcct Laboratory data

Miocan
web
1ITiJL

hydraulic penetration stated ceptanoe hole

minfrrdte

end

ingress has

woight

$flSISe Was 0000

MOinn4n.an
erials

pd Ea
end

50rpm
pcxin%ia

Gokw$

pnrz4e eouflae

Bydrcstatie oij$ eats

rate
as

principle

which

.olnn

pertaining
jets

to

the

widespren4

of

bits

thespeelvel

dorM
dril4liag

ac
the
of

drill

but merely espedite
of

removaL
factors rather

est to the liquid

by
rdease4 id

whi
this

more complete wetting This suggaste that
themselves

of the

The
drag-type

hydraulic has

on the thee

rate

been

extensively

tend to be
faoIjItate

after the bit Iced film

The

principal

conclusions

from

susdIuLstadles wet the
proportional

may
would

open between
bit

by the
tooth

fawing
Rate
nosale at
.15

4SS
reduced

chipping

by the next tooth and
rock the

dlreody

to rate
to

Friction also

would
Battofle the

at
tt
is

circulation direetly nozzle

condueted hydroxide solutions
the

Rate

using

sodium

confirmed

circulation

at
allowable

constant

claimed

br

Riwisa
agents rate in

scientists In

The muds
ap. Llgnites or

direct proportlonslltlee In hole It

Ths

use to
of

of

emulsifying
drilling

to Increases

noted wgre due weight on the
at the higher

eenthUy
resulting

affect

some

cases

from better
velocities to
soft

volumes

higher SXe

fatty

ants
drilling

adds conmon
when

and
rnlccl

detergents emulsLficrs

noted type of drlllig wIth penetration on the
drilling is

ard
added

rocks

rates increases

fresh

water have
egrfacte.nta

curled

and drag-type bits low bit loaM on at relatively
almost

marked

were

rats

being

dependent

WS

0001284

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE No.429 02.10.03

1623

IDC
FACTORS

Document 141-3 GLASGOW

Filed 01/11/2007 FAX 014122t7739

PAGE Page 17 of 31

12

30

125

AFFECTING and

PENEIRA11ON

RATE

lCbep
regrinding 000flIt
off

ffuids prevent

abrnty bit

to

nmove

large

volumes

as
pelocities

n0
abovi

appreciable
this latter

Nc34

The
rates

of

aulio
increases

factors

en

reek

bit

drifting

han

alsO been

invesdgated.hh.e1hiZbte in penetration hydraulic

In

soft

win no fvathw increase in p.netraticn rate hon results In West Lromefl has concluded tkat bit
result

maximum

and

asdium rocks
resulted question beat with the

ate

have coi

horsepower
t4on rates
is

an anirnponant
of

variable

below

pene

generally Saint
relate

from increased
as
to

It/br

as long as Total in
is

whather of the
jet

increases stream

cleaning reduced the
is

provided

adequate bottom beg pump horsepower may

as indicated

with

no reduction

by

dracebit

experience

or

tvh

the

hydraulic

horse

volume
as

cut

don and

tate resulting the nozzle sise ate velocity

power expended across the bit
flow rate times

%iDS forc

depends on

shown

in

Table

of

course

limited be

by

the

Li The minimum

which

may

tolerated

TABLE Li
where
force

cc

bottom

by

iz.vvsntnoa AT ESELNTU4LT
alit

01

Oosann Pzwanasow
Oesnae

Ran

M-

staamslb maarate of mud

kssircn Ozoutauce

Boasseowas Vox.nsn

flow

lb-sec/ft

mud noes

rats gal/win velocity
It/see

anw
1150

Sw /nto
U23
410 $46 295 1025 Alter

flag
NeSs
aria
0.620 0.488 0.359 ccurtsey

.4.cy 215 230 285

IL

en
eso 340

pen
06 SO 415 414
Si_I

SBS ft/sac
Pkld
strezgth weight hate bit experienced
lines

data on penetration
reeks are
largely

TM

in

soft

sad
of

me4ium
increased

manifestations

ErcincU

API

on Wtme4e

peeeihltty

improved
noasie

and bottom

flgure

8.21 shows

typical increases in so
of

in California
bslftrtg

curnture becomes
taste

ln4loasea
Is

which

severe

As

---

bit weight

Increased

ft

iS

IS 55

ass
bit

sad
pcraetrstªce rats in

.eot to

OsJilonis

Site

Apt
In plied rather that

flosp.osft

.4
bit

ban rock
era

drilling the

ap
it

dependent thea on bit
nozzle

cc

equipment
aids
effect

connklntkas
appears rate disappearing

Consequently
velcelty

Increased

by
as

Fig
power area sad
Altar

Curve

rel4onsbip
rats
aotirtee_y

between Texas

bit Gulf

bar
beast

penetration

renindhzg

with

this

jCcstitg4

APT

WS

0001285

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE No.429

02.1O.03

1624

LDC

Document 141-3 GUFSiM

Filed 01/11/2007 t-Mt

Page 18 of 31

rWS

.1.0

0%

HYDRAUUC
Considerable dotezminatiou attention
of

FACTORS Erampte LI
Constant hole
size

129

been nozzle

focused
velocities

on

the

minimniu
It

which

zthastbtappliedtoinske

the use ofjethitsadnnttgeoug has
rate

UP

Mlnlmumq is
600
jet

vsr
increase crit1esl aitical

conventional that
Jet

types
velocity

consistently undergoes through above sharp

Drilipipe Drill collars BIt

denwnztnted
as

penetration

ft

ltdlbIP In-cA 21st long
rolling

bose

increased benefit

some
the
lese

Scone

rock

bit

range

Maximum

obtained

Pump
Required
Calcnb.te annular

40Q

EP

output
150
ft/stirs

renfl while lower velocities 4eetive then normal circulation flteroourM bits Such relationships
Ylgure tween

may may
be seen

velocity conditions

tram aperienot
400
at

conventional
in

whj
horsepower
little

Opentth Nozzle else as 5000

utilization

EZ
jt

depth

Nossle

also

11500

shows and

at

omve

relationship

be

depth

d$lling
Is

rate
and

At low
penetration In
ties lieu

pOWers
benefit at

don

obtained

by increasing value

velocity rate velocity cleaning obtained at the top are This as
of

more

specific charts

data
it

we

will

assume

the

proper

some

intermediate

the

84scs

Chapter

achieved
effect

from

relathrely

2.454

diminishes by

as

maximum
elope

5ls so/aol
35

indicated

th4 second

Minimum
to be
rate

200 to 250
in order to obtain

ft/sep

appear
difiling velocities

necessary
in well soft

subetantlsl nozzle

increases

most rocks have
rock drilling The horsepower and

an

1060
is are then the

psI

not

so
for

not

beers

attained imposed

by avaflabla
values

Maximum
on
bit

yabrme sad presssre.

proposed

the

any required this
the rocks

must depend
is of

Cahsulatbag

rotai7
It

type the nature speed sad the
is

of

drilled

the

Ap

itMa 3op1flgnn7f
_220pS11s11t57.L
100 InIS psI Figure aevisnzetlt6ln3
per

imposed

operating

limits

for

drcu3sStn

en the bit
possible to develop
drilling

Ap
Ap

apparently

not

any
rats

general

mxthcmatkal

relationship
will
fit all

between

and

bit

bydraus
tion

which
in bit

The

best

opera
the sines

Finn .ii

44

In

noet eases
horsepower horsepower
losses

be
.Jl is

prapt
constant depth

which

utilisse

maximum
available

ap

423

pa

general therefore

pump

an i9604S11540P
Prom FIgure 7%
0.260

the
bit

drill string

increase with with

horsepower

decreases

depth

in

etotsi

sm

oft

EP5
where

j3

ie bit horsepower
total

tY
stock
nozzle

0.Wlfl
sies

pump

horsepower exclusive
of bit

The

narefl

would

larger

sonnally

he

adead
St i1a0O
It

system horsepower
Sites

Api

50sasnsaabore
440 100
psi

twice

ems
same
twice

55 as

above above

constant

26 110
p.i

the

emum
treated

circulating

rateq
in

Is

ajlonble
constant
restrictions

ermuler

by velodty
case
total

hole

size
is

often these

Ap
Apr

a696Ptt
1060 696 1264

as

given

Thus
drop
Illustrates

operations

pressure

np

must

also

be

constant

Example

Ar -0.300 Is
0.351

approach

WS

0001286

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE No.429 02.1O.03

1625

lDC

Document 141-3
GLASGOW

Filed 01/11/2007 Page 19 of PAGE 31 FAX 014122177..._...

19

30

130

FACTORS AFFECTiNG
nozzle size
is

PENETRATION

Rots

relatively

iuswisiiive

so

depth

Substituting for

Ap

0.95

and

solving

changn

them oqasi4r
is

We now
pressure
vaiu.e

second held constant st

in

tots
sziaxiznum

8.12
Example

0.123

loss

same

as dictated

by pump
rate

and/or
will

surfaas

ecnneodn
ae

L2

ctaat

Pressure

tatga.3c5
strained Valise $527

The flow
free faisi

b0 treated some

re
neocs

us rework

to

vary
Qatt

above

mhirtum

whn

etc.andsdapthof8000ft
peig

the as4me Ewnpls Li pipe sizes Thzlimewewilhletps200
to

depers4s

on the

and

awulaz

Assuming

and hole-pipe dearauce srA that anrnhr turbulent

mediately axe

very acoording we ace that

our

recent

discussion 1806

izn

700 and

Ap

BdsEow
f2rJOttL$4

relatey

we may wæte
4ps

Kit
tool joint set of

where JC
arid

Is

dependent

on pipe lengtlh
for

To detsunine
drill

K2 we meet

consider

both

drill

pipe

and

collar

section

QPSLt

Lug

coaditioce

The power

expenditure

It

can

be

shown see Problem

Sb

that

4p

p
length
internal of
drill

EP

Kit
1714

whoa

and pipe respectively
of

ft

diametera

same

In

OiSq4W Toood1
Substituting

tzirbulflt

present

ices

inside

pipe

Eqs
fAr

Ad

into

Eq

psi
sccordbsg1jto see Problam

Eughes

we arrht at
1$

an expression

can

be

shswnee

Problem

Gb

Kirk
r--

Differentiating

with respect to
solving for

noting

tht
which

Ap
Substitution

constant
desired

and

maximum

4p

ci

nines 0.52

yields

operating

tiC
or

Ktn--52
a0.O02 ap
0.65Ap SoMizg
for

L5f

/3.aa

tiCs
This

ga 507

shows

that

bit

horsepower
the total

mtznum
pressure being with

when ap

proximktely across the

65% of pump

drop adoure
It

o.GDoa3
The
corifepoEsdiut nozzle

84jn

constant

generally
if

desirable

to operate

feaa1bIe

We
the

must now

determine of
is

some rational
This
Is

cx
AssumIng
should

O.l23507U

0.722

in

preeaion qbtajned

eonesponding

readily

from

Eq 10.since hp

known

Irons

pump

equal

nozzles

actual

size of each

nttMga
OSSApg from which

be
0.42

Ia
to that
of

8.11

0.57

.JJ
\aiJ

optimum
of the

It

interesting

to

compare

this

This expression
ing nozzle siss ainc

Example

Li
Li

from

7.18
where

am
mud
density ooecient
0.95
single bits

Er Br
Wenota
but due
the

Ap
the increased has
is

A4i

iS4Ops II
1800

Bit 384 240 pSi

paBFs
and
in total

the bit pressure

loss

baa dropped

rate Increased
efficient

Input

HP
of

nozzle

power

been more

by 70

HP

Actually

hydraulically

nozzle

diam

Exs.mple input

Li

the

eter in

power

utilized

at the

bit howeve

terms of per cent bit flTIs

Is

WS

0001287

1LE

No.c
sec 841

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM Document 141-3 ASGOW IDCS
02.10.03

1625

Filed 01/11/2007 Page 20 of PAGE 31 FAX0412217_

20

30

HYDRAULIC

FACIORS

131

250 RIO

240

J220

200

ISO

ito

CO

I6O
50

50 40

200

Pig
rotary After

LS

Cbeit acd

for bdra%3lio

weight
conditions

speed

Courtesy

APt

Depending approSc
his

may
Some

on the situation be desinbls
variable

rig

ott dthtr equipment to some can constant

data
Is

T1$s

method

is Illustrated

by

smple

8.8

whIch

solved

graphicalit

with

Ftgtzre

prCflfle operation to

and

R7
If

may

be perudsat the

tample
shols

84

liter
is is

Bpeer
drill

which depth point optimun rate may become la than the minimum particular perniisemae operation
for

cerfaln

43
It

nilsbls to
decsired tim the areilable shale at

section

to detamlaet al

operw
equlpmeizt
aeonoraioslly.

enbg
changes
tao

this

occurs
constant

the

conditions required

for
drill

necessazily
article rnt

that

HP
of

cae
usefW

The

en

to

section

lit

parameters

foflam

eta-vs

tnting the
operation

Op COn$t4nt
neither rock of

preesure

1.400 Iftpump 41--

approaobeo

may be

desirable

in bard

9$-Sn
4- three

bole i-is bit shale nestles is Ste

drilling

where

maximum
at

benefit

bot
level
illustrated

cleaning that

may be

obtained

slower hydraulic
This
Is

When
weight
ity for

by 3omeUs An overall
Conditions presented

method by data in flble 8.2
approach
developed

well

vs p.aeaticn
hit begins roust to

I3Sd1 short-duration made Oto establish
sad
to

the formation
bell

determine
avsIlsbls

d4abtI. what

ts%ht the
of tentative ate

np with the
values are

pump
wSgh$ sad an

to selection

has

optimum drilling by John peer flo baa
of large

index

ket be
chart

established

to select plotteL

an appropri on the

rotary

speed
rate

comprehensive

snalyvis

number

penetration

ztnthsad

WS

0001288

FILE

No.429 02.1O.03 Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM IDC GLnSGOW Document 141-3 1828

Filed 01/11/2007 FflX

Page 21 of 31

132

FACtORS AngliNG

PENETRATION

RATh

1041.e

TutSe
Stout

shaft

blu%q

1Wt14

tiadkig

PCII

bi

ein-einge
ti

$scfloc

ttwbc
diapeta

TIpb
me
AStir

aoss
oP

see$a%

of turbine cee

bInII
of

tvw

stege

ft

$4S

Elstertsry

tnrbiseoo7us

ZtVaits

aourtas

apwopriate
section of

curVe

Is

tbronjh
balinese

The the
bit

LI $tbcr
to to beSt
ball

Drilling

turn should

uat

begin betha

up born the palM on this eqrve where the horiec bus is ep dnwp lest to lntcrioct The stojie palM thus obtained is sucieat
ship

400
relation

While
oonventkmal other range
drilling drilling

bn
rates the

carted
of

to Increase

possibility

an now

be

between Ia
this shale

hydraulic It

bamepawn
will notloed as
it

sad
that

methods
variations radical

riot

been

p.netritln this bide2 bole else

rate

born more
to

the

Ignored conventions

These
reutary

hiss
type

sense of

oa
tilipipe the wish that e1ee

Inasmuch etc

balujee step
to vs it

technique

departures

methods
will it

hit to

As
the

Lent bit

vertical ball

drawn

from

when
the this

up

downwad
The

The future application of any new technique at the sloadard American quaetiax can more
efficiently

depend
the job

do

intersect

cent
most
diarneta-

lnterseqtht

shows
with

formatles
of

would

be 400 8-fl

ccoÆomieafly

44Usd
and

welht

3600

lbI%at

of bit

35000
to

tao

rpm

rotary

speed

the

turbodrW

HPpump. Now return
txezid

the wtjght
section

penetration

rater

inde

linear bit to

The
the
line

ttzrbodrlfl

rotary
sa

drilling

device

curve

to intersect

optln3a

night on
drawn qbeady
the
Mire

eun1
intersect

Wic
the
this foe

thi

point horsepower
inder

tot

came basic
prindpai
61ff

the conwentianal

The
vided

cranes hole

is

that

tb

hydraulic

bits rptation turbine

poIs drill

curve jives

asishlis

ad

formation
required use to of to

icteSotion
maintain

multistage

bydndlie

horsepower
clesaing

wtoient

bottom-bolevertlcaf speed of that

to

1$

is

also

awn
Lot

permit new

optimum weight
detarrzths

powered by the elbitated string matching
referred sets of

fluid

thus rotation of the turbine rotors section each

The and

contains

downwar4 weight
cost

optimum

stators ets.ge

pair 100

rotation

These be

manIpulatIons is this with

to as one

Currant
Is

models

utilize

show

$almrjyn
with

footage

teaM
used in

more stages
strikes

Drilling

mud
deaigt

deflected

by
to

atator rotate

and see

formation

580
of

pump
from sad can
also the

ooujunttion

the

rotor

blades

causing
priuciplis

weight of 6600 lb/jo By worStg beakwards
curvej hydraulic the best

diameter

55000

and

rpm
index for

P5gure

8.2
with

The

governing otbsr

noesle

hydraulic

and

blade Variations
In

asia
these factors operating applications

typeset
as

rotary

speed
In the

any

horsepower
of

be
this of

turbines turbines dictated

the design charactesisdos 8.25

seat iray
to

Inspection based on the

11gnrate

8.23

method

be

relationship

h7draulic

horsepower questioned

and penetration by
effects are

This premise others

hat beau
feels

cutaway view of the had sonaidasbie success
flrbodrffls plication relating to era not
drilling rhodrifling

Neyrpio model which
in

has
59-

Thiropean
far

tests.0

who
The

among

bydnulle

tat

as the idea

best expressed

by impact force
that
In

Pq 8S
the various are

The wee Sued to befor use
various

tnt

patent
Ui

reader should expressions

riot infer

any
tAils

of

Crese
of

empirical 4JlibIa ekect of

presented as the

claps-er of of

In
the

isn
in
oil

years well
drilling

tools

They

ar

preeentsd factors

means

Subsequent
although

certain

refinement

various
well

country signs

was sporadic

in development curbodzW

do-

parameters conditions

must

be

attained

under

individual

were developed unsuccessfuL4

and

field

tested

they are generslly

main

falling

American

deSiUs

WS

FILE

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM It.429
02.1O.os

1628

IDC

Document 141-3
GLSGOW

Filed 01/11/2007
FAX 01412217739

Page 22 of 31
____PAl

22

30

Sn Li

tJNU
.4
jjjjj

Mtjrft.nj

This

is

in

with

our previous necessary Coinpcwiaons portrays

Mud may

however

be

if

Pa4ro2ion Sate

THRUST

lgure

8.27

compativc
Ntyrpla 1956

tests drills

between the conventional which wire
voted
tests

and
in

conducted

be conventions and
Is

that

bit weight
ball

applied

In

the

was

km than
below
of

that

on the
prtioei

t.urbodrill

cona

siderably Analysis
rate of

La

this

country
drilling

data with

by
bit weight

showed

that

varied

and

the

rotating
drilling

the

speed as prcdlcted rates of the two methods should when

$4

square

root

be

niately equal

w41w
bere
weight

w.JW

on bit

Narotaiingspeed
tc turhine

and

conventional

ro

The

relative

rates

of

the

two

methods

may

be

ap

proxirnated

ft
where
drilling

W.yrsr

and

conventional reepectively

on

bottom

.t
fbi

rst
is

The
not rotary

comparison picture

as indicated as there
riot

by

lencb
reason

tests

La

fair

no apparent

why
the
La life
it

drill

early the

same weight
of

on bit as

turbodrill

in fact

from

stamlpcint could hole

bM

ajg

ozaw
After

of courtesy

OCormo
bearing abrasive

TM

MosW

NerpIc

turbabifl

probable implies cojitered that with

higher equal

loading crooked

be tolerated

problems ore en which app to be

was excestivs
the action credited

failure

brought solids

mainly

by
are

sound
rate
is

ssecmption bonoerned come

Therefore
turbodrili

insofar benefits

prebslion
this

mud

The

Buscianj

this with defeating rubber thrust which bearingi

must can
tolerate

primarily

from increased

rotational

speeds

abrasive fluid with

solids

and

are in fact
of all

the
drilling Is

drilling

Over

Hydrault
Hydraulic
losees

Consdaretione
losses

80%
which

RussIan to

pen armed

turbines

turbodrllling in ordinary rotary turbine

the

same The
the

according

Pentionel aquiprnent.ihl$ not indicative due
to of

claims are far superior to eon The Thacian art
over-all

as are incurred addititmal
of

drilling pins

the

drop

aaron

the

blades

reistiv

pert ormanca

however
collars

magnitude
Individual

this

additional

the

superiority

of 15.5

pipe

drill

blade
conditions In thrust

omponent number
This

dsSnds on
of stages

eta

and bfta
Typical operating In occur flgure
for

and
the turbodrill

the
results

adtional

pressure

drop

Re

shown

8.26 500

Msximnia
700
is

power which

and
are

efficiency

between speeds

rpm

8.14
where thru$ lb avenge
iSp

normal operating
weight applied tachometers
closer

Speed

controlled

by the
Surface enable

to the being

govelns

are

tor4ue which The beat

turbine drop

blade

diameter in
psi

across

turbine
of

control
for

of turbine use appears to be

drilling

5ui4

ttzrblne

water both
etendpolntt

This

thrust

is

ocusurned
efficiency

as part

the weight

on bit use
of

turbine

operation

The

hydraulic

improved

by

WS

0001290

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE 02.1O.03

DCDocument 141-3
GLASGOW
FACIORS AFFECTING PENETRATION

Filed 01/11/2007 Page 23 ofPciGE 31 FAX 0141221773Q_

23

134

RATE

1Cho1

I-

J__
40$
Cituncey

tsee see

040

ala

iaeo

5$MT
Igudnat

3P1t0RP$
Vnceh Nude
ZaUUfre
.1 flIt

bWIJOffl

DSIS..d Nsn.p.ee
it Lose.p
its

.1
lit

Sloe

Prssas B4d
Operstg

1h

PSI

SnsbaIcqI

tSdso ci tot
couflegy

ttdjilL

Al is tbsaka- wad

PceU.wsltsfl

Wcrld

20

ac

no
TIPuC

$40

fl
SIR
1956

OS

D0t1M

74

S.27

of After

600091

covrtesy

rates sad convezUonsi drilling Oil cad Gsa JournaL

WS

0001291

FILE

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM Document 141-3 1629 JDC GLASGQJ
02.10.03 OtHER DRILUNG METH0OS

Filed 01/11/2007 Page 24 of 31 PAGE FAX 01412217739

24

135

air

Is

.1

spe
HWd
be

.ud
is

bypassed
II

.fl.biisIsd ISttOSS

isin.j$ b0t..5 throw dsqt cfrsjI.s will rssat.j to

at
.114

tters
as

e.rnea

t.al

Is

kane
up

sad

paa9nt

ao

bose.s 4$Isps sbuvM has heassai dIp jcint trspped

2$
RusId

usde
Hues

vn
doe
of heasuer acte

aevise
set

dIsaster It
lateNesS

.1s pl.s
dles.ts

pnsrs

sleaps
ci

.sI

Is

ted

lisa

Iu.sa.r

lips

praas

pwsrd Os

Pt$
.thinner
Oceibla

CS

ales

Opetg

37415

baxomsr

Coursay Greater

tSsfrs Zs$accv
to

wafl54 Inside disaster drflJ pipe made by lighter nouaot.stizg duty

cars required

remove
the

from

mud
pressure

ttam
drop

shred
part of with high jet
current

The

scro

turbine nloeities developed status tedbniquee united states
it

must

kept

thus

bite

c.anot.ks
exitte

rotary eonbit

CaisidertljjdTott
to

equipment

and
or arc

as to the ability

mon

maca
to the rotary Lu

withstand

beth
to practices of

high compete

formidable

ppotnt

turbodrjfl

European advantaee

Ruisn
inhercut

weights Statse
feet

must be applied
convepticcal rotary application

speeds with United operator

tachniquse twbodrillin.s

MAny

that

thght

Penetration of

rates

due

primarily
to

Increased

rotating

stand future

such

drifl

string

rntatI
pipe

US

en the development of bite with Xt appears at this time punishment of the turbndrill win be to usage
or

bard rock
are the extent cated

and
quieter
lees

areas

to use

candn

special

applications

drill

and tabl

of such

dependIng

on

whether advantagee

drilling

increases

lndL can

cperataan

no
caused
areJ lltja1

rotary

nob

offset

the

ftshing

job

by
and

Zain

string failure

tulaui

disadvantMes
cc

8.72
It

Cczzbinadai Rotary and
is

Percuaston In bit

Methods

tbo

maintenance
preseure required be

recognized
If

large inereates high frequency

ener may
blowa
are

Pump

capacity

and/or

obtained

pereuselva

WS

0001292

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE No.429 02.1O.03

1630

IDC

Document 141-3
GLASGOW

Filed 01/11/2007 01412217739
FAX

Page 25 of PAGE 31

2i5

136

FAcTORS

AFFECTiNG

RATE

jCbcg

ta

now

.t

Nenaer .bve
prttwrt
.4

.1.

rvinJ
roifried .4 pert 29 31

11p

Prone lungh
tat

.OmiWwnc.Hn 0S.s6.v

droPs6a4

VMve a4
Is

tnentbg
skeet

Hammer
to

drop

4aa.s
I.pjffiar

Neaser dde.

eat
ly and P.neqt

7$ Ann
skin

connej.r.l

Ugh

pressure

en

son
24 and

Lit

tusgifon attached to

arMs
rwl
tI.Id

41
PS$L

.1

ld

p.q
roveh

redly
drop

II

prsswe

.isalf

etjy thc.gh

fuIIss

volee

acc.lreS

dyeS

lebcr.$cyy

.nd

haab.r
.lrbpt

It Fluid II 1.1

pain

Fig combined
basic with bit rotation

ccnt.
drilling
field teeth

Such and

technique tool
this

baa

the

are required

for

Industry1e

feature of
recent

both

rotary

drilling drilling

acceptance

development
is

employing

The

Memorial

Institute

ban
himclre4 bit

also

meclisnim
the applied
Oil

Aan
percussive

Corporalfon.1 powered
is

daigted and tested The ii rotated blows being by percus

cperirnented with high device vibratns in which per second

drilling

several to the

revemeja oleotro

weight

an

imparted

an

mud
sion

engine

by

the

drilling

order

of

800 strokea/rnln
in

The
cerise teat

mechanical
of

operation

the engine labon.tory

gure

8.28

Considerable that

and

field

data

Ixidiste

Increase shown

penetratirs

rate

may be
drilling

obtained
in
still

laboratory are

from

lajigure and

Although flags
this

the holds considerable

devise

Ad
longer

vantages
attributed
less

inareaced to

drilling

rate

hole

deviation Field operate

lower rpm have
trials

gl
beep
indicated hours

wear and weights
the tools

bit

by
that

developers
engine can

mud
mainte FIg 8.39

Wighaqbftt
ye pesetradon this Laboratory
data

nance

At
drill

nmtr

tim
shows

rota

of conentiuzisi

it

appears

that

the

considerable

promise

mud-powered for herd rock

As

Courtesy

Peokus ZngMt0

prse

Ye

WS

FILE

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM Document 141-3 02.10.oa 1631 IDC
sal

FiledFAX 01412217739 Page 26 of 31 01/11/2007
137
publication of the results cited

OTHER DRILLING

METHODS
research prior to

n5g4
trk

Thin

is

powered

by

alternating cables

wa
whO
1.-K

current

nsmine4
inside the

down
drill

specisliy nipe

Some

here

of these

remain rtationary
rates obtained

problems were
of

Dterrnjnatjon for the

thS p135
littLe

the

optimum

aft

Very-

data

at the
driB

secondary

penet.ratiors

this

vibratory other

are

avai1sble

Equipment
prevented
Ste

jaflurn and thorough

from 2.8 to 8.4 Nozzle diameters The
permit

norele This diameters monte

ne

botnj
found

spacing to be

cpcratg
This

troubles
drill

hi
Tb

particular

expetimeutsi Pellet

unil further
Drill

must classed data are snilaUa

primary to be large enough to the desired flaw rate at the available pressure
nozzle Jarnnins to nozzle rate as related the

drop The
prevent diameter

s.73

Impact

had

to

be the

enough

to

extremely

interesting

ttional
guiDing Section sexy to
En of

drilling

and methods

radical departure
is

the

pellet

fr 1mt

rat

of pellet

had

to be las than
arsg ratio

The
Input

os

drilling

to nozzle

and

technique the

developed Oil

Carter

by the Oompsay
This

Drilling iteseerab

Methods

tuid

Dr211r4 toOted Pallet
ctharge

Is horsepower sbcqn water was superior

Plgure
to

an

Tulsa
the rook

Oklahoma
velocity

utilizes

random

cauSe

The

method of drilling impact of steel pellets be visualized process

Mr
or total quantity ws.e pf pellets rate charge the insensitive to

th
the

$41

in

8.30 The high velocity jet stream froja the draws drilling and pellets lots the secdary nozzle them againSt the The pellets are then Ill tact off bottom by drilling stud they then n-enter the aspirator section and are
flgure primary nozzle recycled above velocity
tb-s

The eystom from saturation These
they merits Seine ly these
drilling results

jnarirntun

this drilling rate

tue saturation are only to

charge but encountered complexity of aperi
In Table 8.2 Certainlower than those ob

few

of

serve

illustrate

Additional

pellets

era

suspended
to the high

as

clOUd

are

shown
are

primAry

nozzle

due

s.scending

penetration

ratee

alongside

the enlarged

secondary

sect1o

tainabl

by

conventional

methods
at

The

pellet

impact
as
it

however it is demonstrate
drilling

of

crtnute fundamentej importance
ocenpietely

new

of thsreferenee cited paper was to mate tue this work matter of record in the that the general knowledge of the process for other might guide developments
A-s

PP

concept

of

steted

by the

the

nA
Ten
4ne ilMw
rfl
Jafiw

well

or

TA3LS PCLWS btracr

Dwamwo

iteM

rn
Sets

Asp Aspt

MEn
Pt
Pf

Okia
Off tuoft

whit
rock
limestone

pe at

ft

li
JO

74

Virginia

F$g usC inpaq gurU The ton

um
Since

_______
Alter

operation co_rt.esy

Zascn

AD_

Pink

at

at

2.6

roe
8.74
ci

apparent s4vantages of this method are eIirnh.a. drill pipe rotation and attendant In there Is no necessity patindar drill pipe remov-j the pellet epty cen be tepleninhed from the IhJe afler faat could reed In the

Retractable

Bite large

trips

consume which
string

amount
given

of to

rig

eon

sufa

tc
of

siderable tractable
bits

been tan be
Plaid
feasibilityb

dsagrdng re without with have
this

drawing the
indicated should retelve

teete

this process

elimination

heavy equipment The aperIstensl difficulties encountered end necessaty modi6oatlans made by the engineers aid salentiste required an cetimated man-years of

and
in as

technique

increased

attention

future pipe

ytare
and
Is

size is Casing of the propel removed from the hole ncver

drill

Worn

bits are

replaced

WS

0001294

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM
FILE No.429
138

02.10/03

1632

ItJC.8

Document 141-3 arssaJ
FACtORS

Filed 01/11/2007 FU 01412217739

-PUt Page 27 of 31

iu

PENENATION
by
deaf
gxi

Cop
P\ature fnxlicated in of bit

and

savings

25%

drilling

cot

may be
8.76 This of

possible

method
Drilling the

two

directional This

wells

with

single

simultaneous drUM4 zig tnd
basiL

erw
applied stying

technique the

reportedly in

successfully

by
is

Russians due
to

some

fields

The

main

reduction layout

of trip In

The
quiree special

rig

Plgere 823
tables

ye
to
Is

an enlarged crown block trans erred from
iLale idle

area two
aflowa

rotary the

aa4

Rotation pipe

be

ree4ily

withdrawn
oua.hole

from lids to bole it is lowered into b.ols time ThIs
is

stands

principal In

disadn.ntage.

as

it

may

.bole

som

sreas tberioti has estimated that 60% ci trip dma 80% of on cement tin time and 90% of waiting cementing

may
tWIS
Of alXI..d.fl

be

elixthstaU

in

manner
other total
rig

by

proper

timing

of

saris

ars

rctid of

these to

as functions P53 8.31 DritSag nfl and Stat Ee11 courtay arcs redo.

Tleee of approtatelyl4%
opentions
cIjifled

savings

may amount

time for an o5abore
of

ADa

directionally

well

A.pplica.tlon

\nflhwp

ittittt

HI

P1cm

iæsw

roct1r

ptattWt4

sy

3LQJ T1
Hcla

__

Topview

Hal

Tool

romp

side
drilling rig

of

simuttatous 1.22

P51

$okoraats

1stut

fur

.jujnjta.usca

driflin

open4una

After

ThSiO%

AIMS

WS

FILE

Case 1:03-cv-02579-RPM Document 141-3 02.1O.03 1633 IDC
2.7

ri.. ri-v-viictst Filed 01/11/2007 Page 28 of 31 Coo_

$.
.wlM

OTHER
depend on the elindrstiou
of

DRILLING

139
penetration

of operational

vs 60 sad
s-ed

sad

for

poblems
Certainly

and

development
s-n

proper -equipment
for

60000
cartesian bole

arid

300
paper
that 3.8

3.ntneadng

possibility

tha range 12000 Show thac plots on both Assume adequate

area
drilling

paniculsriy

offshore

operationa in

cle