Free Declaration - District Court of Federal Claims - federal

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EXHIBIT 29

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tmI'l' STATE DEPAR'T OF TH INOR FISH AN WILI SERCE
NE MEOJ EXOi SECF SL 0FCE
2105 as NB

AL0E, NE MECO 87lD
Teep: (50S) 761-4525 Fa Nu: (505) 761-4542
January 6, 1995

Cons. #2.22.92.F.340 Cons. #2-22-93+058

lee Paagua. forest Supervsor lincoln National Forest 1101 New York Avenue Alamogordo. New Mexico 88310-6992

Dear Mr. Poague:

This responds to your October 4. 1994, request for formal consultation under section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (Actl of 1973. 8S amended. .on the proposed

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Sacramento Allotment Management Plan (AMP), Uncaln National Forest (LNF), New Mexico. The species of concern for this consultation arB the threatened Sacramento Mountains thistle (Cirsium vinaceum) and the Sacramento prickly poppy (Argemona pleiacantha ssp. pinnatisecta).

The following biological opinion is based on information provided by the Forest Service

,with the. October 4, 1994, reQuest for formal cansu.ltation, and information from fies
at the New Mexico Ecological Services State Office.
BIOLOGICAL OPINION

Based upon the best scientifi~ and eommercial information available, it is the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Servce's (Servcel biological opinion that the Sacramento AMP is not likely to' jeopardize the continued existence of the Sacramento Mountains thistle or the Sacramento prickly poppy.
Description of Proposed Action

Under the AMP preferred alternative, the Forest Service proposes to permit grazing on

a deferred rotation 'system for two summer pastures. Four winter pas.tures are proposed to be grazed under a deferred rest rotation system. Summer" pastures wil be
grazed from May 15 to October 31, end the winter pastures from November 1 to'

May

14. Dates may be altered depending upon utilzation; if forage use exceeds 40%, the
numbers of livestock. wil be adjusted.

During the interim grazing plan, monitoring of the effects of grazing was conducted at

some Sacramento Mountains thistle and Sacramento prickly poppy sites on the allotment. The continuation of this monitoring, for the purposes of assessing both

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short-term and long-term impacts, is critical to the understanding of the biological needs of both species, and to the continuing development of an allotment management
plan that promotes and enhances the survival of these listed species. .'.

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JAr-9 E25

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Monitoring propose in the AMP lor the Sacramento Mountains thistle includes 13 sites identified in the Biological Assessment for livestock herbivory that consistently reached

or exceeded the threshol.d established for the interim grazing plan (25 percent of plants
in 8 study plot have 40 percent 'of the plant eaten). The Forest Service is also

developing a Challenge Cost Share Agreement (August 17. 1994, letter from Linda M. Barker", Forest Botanist to Anne Cully. Service Botanist) with biologist at New Mexico
State University to monitor all Sacramento Mountains thistle plants ennually to determine estmeted population sizes from year to year, and a separate study to of herbivory on the long term reproductive success of the determine the sHeets.

species.
The Sacramento prickly poppy monitoring plots will be maintained in Alamo Canyon by the Forest Servce for the purposes of determining the effects of livestock on plants.

especially in the early part of the growing season when seedlings may be especially
vulnerable to grazing and trampling.

Monitoring information w,ill be used to adjust grazing within the pastures, and to revise

the AMP as needed to protect and enhance recovery for listed plant species.

Status of the Soecies
Sacramento Mountains Thistle

)

The Sacramento Mountains thistle was listed as a threatened species in 1987 (52 FA 22933). This species occurs primarily on Lincoln National Forest (LNF) lands in the

Sacramento Mountains of south-eentral New Mexico. Sacramento Mountains thistle is
restricted to wetland sites at travertine springs, seeps, and streams. At the time of listing, potential thrests tò the species were the development of water sources. recreational over.use. exotic or noxious weed competition, logging, and trampling by

livestock. The Sacramento Mountains thistle occurs on four (Sacramento, Pumphouse,
James Canyon. and Scott Able) of the six grazing allotments managed by the Cloudcroft Ranger District of the LNF.

Herbivory by livestock and ,wildlife was assumed to be unimportant as a threat until Forest Service biologists observed significant levels of grazing on thistles (primerily on

young plantsJ at the Telephone Canyon-Creek area in 1991 (USDA, 1992a). Data
collected and analyzed from five canyons (Water. Brown, Telephone, Hubbell Exclosure. and Wils) resulted in a determination that, under the interim management plan for tho Sacramento Allotment (USDA. 1 992bJ. grazing may affect the Sacramento

Mountains thistle on the summer range.
The summer range contains four pastures: Atk.inson, Nelson, North Benson, and South

Wills. Only the Nort Benson and South Wils pastures contain populetions of the Sacramento Mountains thistle. The North Benson end South Wils pastures are currently managed under a two pasture rotation system in which full numbers of
livestock. (513 head) are permitted to graze. Observations of high forage utilization levels in 1991 resulted in a change from a rest rotation system to a deferred rotation system during 1992. This was done in an effort to spread high utilzatiein over more
stocking rates of cattle utilize the

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acres and to reduce impacts to vegetation. Under the deferred rotation system, full 'Sout Wils and North Benson pastures for a '3-month period each year. Range analysis data and monitoring data for the thistle have been

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Lee Paagua. Forest Supervisor 3
gathered during the interim allotment management plan for inclusion in the AMP. The
.Forest Servce wil contnue to monitor and evaluate grazing impact on the

Sacramento Mountains thistle under the proposed AMP.

The Sacramento Mountains thistle is considered to be a biennial. Thomson (19901. however, obsrved multiple rosettes arising from e single root crown, suggesting that
this may actllv be 8 perennial thistle. Sacramento Mountains thiste is unusual for

the genus in that it is robust. multi-stemmed. and grows up to 2 m (6-7 ft). Stems

arise from 8 single root crown, and BrB smooth and purplish-green. laaves are deeply incised. green and not hairy, 50 em (20 in) long and 20 em (8 in) wide. The marginS of the leaves are armed with short yellow spines. Flowers are 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. rose-purple in color. and are nod~ing,on the stems.- Rowers are subtended by-spiny bracts that arB reftexed at the middle. . Individual plants die after flowering or form nonseedling replacement rosettes in the following year. Sacramento Mountains thistle is

restricted to wetland sites at travertne springs, seeps and streams that occur in mixed conifer or montane meadow grassland communities 2,300-2.-900 m (7~500 to 9,500 ft) in elevation (Thomson. 1990).
Current information indicates that there are approximately 63,000 plants of Sacramento Mountains thistle known from 60 sites on the LNF (USDA, 1992a). Approximately 45,000 plants (or 71 percent of the total thistle population) occupy 48 sites (38 springs sites and 10 stream sites) within the Sacramento Allotment.

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Sacramento Mountains thistle occurs within three large drainage s:ystems of the Sacramento Grazing Allotment: Wils Canyon, Rio Penasco, and Russia Canyon. The
Rio Penasco drainage system has the largest population and highest number of

occurrences for Sacramento Mountains thistle. The summer grazing range includes
approximately 93 percent 'of all kriown thistle sites on the Sacramento Allotment.

Sacramento Mountains thiste is dependent an sunace water found in travertne springs, streams, and riparian meadows. There is concern that invasive, weedy species such as teasellDipsacus sylvestris) and musk thistle (Carduus nutans) may choke out Sacramento Mountains thste in riparian habitats. This is especially likely in those riparian habitats that have been degraded by livestock trampling. Currently,

there is Iittla information available on this threat. Under the Challenge Cost Share
studied.
Sacramento prickly poppy

Agreement with .NMSU, the relationship between invasive weeds and the thistle wil be

The Sacramento prickly poppy was listed as an endangered species on August 24,

1989 (54 FR 353021. Plants are found in 10 canyons on the west side of the Sacramento Mountains, Otero County, New Mexico. The winter range of the
Sacramento Allotment includes Alamo Canyon and its tributaries, the home of about

75% of the total number of the species (USDA, 1992cl. For this reason, there is
panicular concern ave.r grazing management in these Breas. In 1993, the Servce reviewed the Biological Evaluation that addressed potential effects of livestock grazing on the winter range on Sacramento prickly poppy. The Service concurred with the

measures proposed to avoid adverse impacts to the species.. These measures included removing livestock from pastures on or before March 1, monitoring the effects of

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livestock on the poppy, and evaluating data and identifying ways to protect the species
under long.

term grazing management of the allotment. In 1994, the Service concurred

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with the Forest Servce request to continua grazing on the winter range until May 15.

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based on commitment from ths'Forest SarVce to estblish three monitoring plats in the
Alamo Canyon sysem. These plots were visited at leBst three times in the growing
season to look for herbiorY or'trampling on seedlings or mature plants. and to

undertake l! surey to determine the curnt numbers and status of the species. The Inconcluse data collected from the monitoring plots during 1994 reflect the low
numbers of seedlings present during the year (June 16. 1994, memo from- Max Goodwin. Cloudcroft Distrct Ranger to Unda M. Barker. Forest Service Botanist). The

Forest Servce is committed to continue monitoring under th proposed AMP to
detennine the effect of grazing an the Sacramenta prickly poppy.
Sacramento prickJy poppy plants are robust perennial. sometimes behaving as an annual or short-lived perennial species. They have 3-12 priddy stems. branching from

the base and growing to a height of 51-150 em (20-60 in). The plants have pale
lemon to white milky sap, distinguishing them from it close relative (Argemone olejacantha ssp. pleiacanthal, which has bright yellow-orange sap. The, flowers have

six white petals 3-4 cm ,1.2-1.6 in long), and numerous stamens. The leaves are long, narrow, with box-shaped sinuses between the spine-tipped lobes.

ebilty_ . )
channel. The relationship of these factors to the distribution and survival of the

This species occupies xeric uplands or benches of Chihuahuan desert grassland and desert scrubland habitat several meters above the steam channels. Older. established

plants appear to be independent of perennial surface water. Although some species of Chihuahuan desèrt plants have 8 deep taproot that enables them to obtain subsurface water from lower soil depths. it is not known if Sacramento prickly poppy also has this

Sacramento prickly pappy grows in desert canyon systems where brief and intense episodic flash floods occur. At times, this may occur with such severity that it literelly scours the canyon botoms and may extrpate local populations of Sacramenta prickly poppy (USDA. 1989). This species also grows in or near the main stream channel of

canyon bottoms and biologists have suggested that flash floods may playa role in sead
dispersal. However. the main stream channel may actually ba marginal habitat for Sacramento prickly -poppy as it does not persist nor readily colonize these areas (D. De
Lorenzo. USFS, pers. comm., 1992). Transportation of water within the canyon

system and from springs via a pipelina may have affected the Sacramento prickly

within the lower canyon bottoms. Seed germination may now be limited to times In
the phenomenon of scouring and the loss of plants growing within the main stream
Sacramento prickly poppy is not well known. Removal 01 large quantities 01 water
from the canyon system for human use may have affected plant establishment and

poppy by reducing total subsurface moisture within the canyons and increesing ariditY

which .sufficient moisture permits seedling recruitment and establishment. Episodic flooding from runoff continues today although the pipeline itself may have accelerated

species composition within the canyon bottoms.

. Recent surveys indicate that there are approximately 1.135 plants of Sacramento
prickly pappy on Forest Servce lands. These plants occur at elevations ranging frorr 1,280-2.170 m 14,200-7,120 ttl. The largest population of 800-900 plants is found in the Alamo Canyon System !including Deadman and Caballero canyons). The largest

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and most vigorous populations of Sacramento prickly poppy occur in upper areas of the canyons.

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Lee Paagua. Forest Supervsor
Environmental Baseline

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Status of the Species
Sacramento Mountains Thistle

Although Sacramento Mountains thistle has been monitored since 1988. grazing impacts were not considered until the fell of 1991. Sacramento Mountains thistle
occurs at 16 sitos on the Nort Benson pastre and "29 sites on the Sout Wills pasture. There are 24 total sites grazed by livestock within the Sacramento Allotment.
Fort sites (including exclosures on the allotment and several sites on another

allotment) were visited approximately 200 times throughout the period May 1992 to
October 1993 (Galeano-Popp, 19941.

Because the grazing regime changed from 8 rest rotation to a deferred system in May 1992, we have no way of establishing baseline conditions under earlier management
strategies. However. information gathered during 1992. i 993. and i 994 has been

important in developing protection and monitoring for the thiste in the proposed
Sacramento AMP.

Sacramento Prickly Poppy
Prior to 1994. evidence for effects of livestock on this species was primarily anecdotal.

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Because few seedlings were observed in the course of monitoring, there is not enough evidence to make conclusions about the effects of livestock: on Sacramento prickly poppy at the critical seedling stage. Monitoring plots esablished during the interim
grazing plan will be maintained by tha Forest Servica. to datermine the effect of

grazing and trampling on seedlings and mature plants.

The proposed AMP has been developed In 1994 in part using monitoring data gathered
during the interim grazing plan in effect during 1992. 1993, and 1994. This-tIme

frame is not sufficient to accurately assess the long-term impacts that grazing has on the Sacramento Mountains thistle or the Sacramento prickly poppy. However. the information gathered from monitoring plots for both species wil be reevaluated throughout the monitoring process and et the termination of the monitoring effort. The
commitment of the LNF to adjust the provisions of the AMP in accordance with new

data derived fram the monitoring provides a necessary level of protection to these species.
Effects of the Proposed Action
Sacramento Mountains Thistle

Impacts to Sacramento Mountains thistle are primarilv related to permitted livestock grazing within the summer range of the Sacramento Allotment_ Livestock grazing has occurred on the LNF since it was established. Grazing affects the Sacramento

Mountains thistle by herbivory and trampling (which includes loss of reproductive
potential. loss of seedling establishment, and habitat degradation

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Sacramento Mountains thistle herbivory was first documented by Malaby from Lucas
Canyon during 1989 (USDA, 1992b). Herbivory was documented by Wood from

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lucas Canyon and other loction"s on the North Benson pastre in 1991, when full numbers of livestock were again stocked on the pasture. Eighty.two percent 19 out of 11) of the sites monitored l?" the Nort Benson pasture were observed to have
noticeable.thistle herbivory.' Only 12 percent (1 out of 8) of the sites monitored on the Sou WiUs pastre were observed to have noticeable thistle herbivory. Wood
observed that thiste herbivor was 30 percent greater in areas grazed by livBstock

livestock (R. Galøano-Popp. IJSFS. pars. comm.J. Thistles appear to be most palatable to IivBstock fr.om April to May, when rosettes produce new leBves. Extensive

(USDA, 1992b). Wildlife apparently consume thistle but to a lesser degree than

herbivory has also been observed in the fall on the centers of plants, which could potentially affect flowering shoots.

More recent assessments of herbivory at approximately 40 thistle locations in the Sacramento and Scott Able allotments in 1992 and 1993 (Galeano-Popp. 1994) indicate that thistles ara regularly eaten by livestock (most unexcJosed sites showed
signs of herbivoryl. and that usage of the species is at its highest during the spring and fall.
Trampling is associated with livestock usage of riparian (thistle) habitat and may

represent a greater threat to this species than grazing. Livestock tend to concentrate
in riparian areas from May throu9h July, when these areas are the major sowce of

weter (USDA, 1~92al. Trampling may impact the Sacramento Mountains thistle
potential. and eliminating or reducing seedling recruitment and establishment.

)

'through the following means: habitat degradation that opens up riparian habitt to

more invasive. weedy species such as teasel and musk thistle, loss of reproductive
Historically, livestock have heavily impacted riparian areas of the LNF (Galeano-Popp, pers. comm.i. This has resulted in visible erosion problems along drainage areas like the Rio Penasco. Soil development in the LNF is limited by a number of factors: high
elevation. relatively short growing season, prolonged periods of cold temperatures, underlying bedrock. and steep slopes. Soils tend to be thin and fragile in riparian areas

and there is high potential for erosion from surface water runoff. Riparian habitats and vegetation ara easily degraded by livestock trampling. This may open these habitats up to invasive, weedy species such as teasel and musk thistle. which choke out Sacramento Mountains thistle. Random movement of livestock within thistle habitat
could break off young flowering stems, thus eliminsting an individual plant's genetic

contribution to the population within an area. Trampling may also eliminate or reduca seedling recruitment and establishment depending on the time of year when it occurs
and its severity.
Grazing and trampling appear to have an impact on Sacramento Mountains thistle

numbers and populations. The net effect of establishing grazing exclosures has been
an increase in Sacramento Mountains thistle plants in spring sites located in Hubbell and Lucas canyons. and at Bluff Springs on the Rio Penasco. Outside the Sacramento

Allotment, exclosures from grazing resulted in a dramatic increase in riparian
Sacramento Mountains thistle populations at Silver Springs. Increased S~cramento

Mountains thistle numbers have also been observed in Scott Able Canyon. without the
benefit of an grazing exclosure. Recent observations by the Forest Service have also

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documented the decline of Sacramento Mountains thistle populations within some aress of the Sacramento Allotment. A net loss of 36 percent (50 plants in 1989 and 32 plants in 19911 was recorded in a population between Marcia Cemetery and tha

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juncton with Water Canyon on the Rio Penasco; B net los9 of 90 percent (450 plants in 1984 and 45 plants in 1991 J occurred in a population located witln the exclosure at
Bluff Springs BrBS; and 8 net loss of 84 percent (300 plant in.1984 and 47 plants in

19911 occurred in a population located within an iIegallv developed spring about 4
miles northeast of Bluff Springs. Populations of sacramento Mountains thiste ha'JB also declined In areas off the Sacramento Allotment. ApproXimately 20 plants

disappeared along the Sacramento River between 1987~ 1991, and the habitat is now
infested with teasel fUSDA. 1992b). Sacramento Mountains thistle was first collected
at the type loclity of Fresnal in 1899 by elmer Wooton (near High Rolls). This location

and plants have not been relocated. Decline within populations of Sacramento

Mountains thistle and portions of its historic aod current range is II cause for concern.
Monitoring of grazing impacts on the species has only recently begun and must includa establishm.ent of permanent, long-term monitoring plots within both pastures of the

Summer Range (Nort Benson and Sout Wils). Recent monitoring of the effect of

herbivory have documented apparent increases in the numbers of rosettes present at study sites on the Sacramento Allotment (Galesno-Popp. 1994). Without verifiable

information. there is no baseline with which to compare or assess long-term impact of
grazing on this species. The single incident of spring development within the Sacramento Allotment demonstrated the disastous affect of surface disturbance for

onB population of thistle (USDA 1984, Richard Sherman Case Report).

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Sacramento Prickly Poppy

grazing. Except for Dog Canyon, all west side canyons occupied by the poppy are
used by permitted livestock ¡USDA, 1992c). Uvestock grazing may also indirectly

Impacts to the species in the Sacramento Mountains include those from permitted

affect the poppy by degrading riparian araBS. It is difficult to evaluate .actual grazing impacts to the poppy at this time. The AMP addresses the need for information about
grazing impacts, and provides for continuing monitoring plots in Alamo Canyon.

Cumulative effects
Cumulative effects include the efforts of future State, local, or private actions that are reasonably certain to occur in the action area considered in this biological opinion.

Future Federal actions that are unrelated to the proposed action Ii.e., timber harvesting, recreation) ere not considered in this section because they require separate
consultation pursuant to section 7 01 the Act.

Cumulative effects to the Sacramento Mountains thistle may include .non-Federal
timber harvesting (the degradation of water Quality through increased siltation within springs and streams and increased erosionl. recreation, and other activities.

Additional impacts to the Sacramento prickly poppy relate to the long.term removal of large Quantities of water from formerly ripsriari areas on the west side 01 the
Sacramênto Escarpment. The City of Alamogordo has water rights to 12 millon

gallons per day, or 16 cubic feet par second, from the Fresnal Canyon System.
INCIDENTAL TAKE STATEMENT
.,. Sections 7(bH4J and 7(0)(21 of the Act do not apply to the incidental take of listed

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plant species. However. protection of listed plants is provided to the extent that the Act requires 8 Federal pennit for re"moval or reduction to possession of endangered

plants from areas under Federal jurisdiction. or for any act that would remove, cut. dig up. or damage or destroy åny such species on' any other area in knowing violation of any regulation of any State or in the course of any violation of a State criminal trespass law.
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CONSERVATIQN RECOMMENDATIQNS

Secton 7(8)(1) of the Act directs all Federal agencies to utilze their authorities to
furter the purposes of the Act by carrying out conservation programs for the benefit

of threatened and endangered species. Conservation recommendations haVB basn defined 8S suggestions of the Service regarding discretionary measures to minimize or avoid adverse effect of 8 proposed action on listed species or critical habitat or regarding the development of information. SucceSsful implementation of the following

conseivation recommendations would help remove advarse impacts to Sacramento Mountains thistle and Sacramento prickly poppy plants resulting from the Forast Sarvice's implementation of the AMP. The recommendations are:

1. Three monitoring plots wil be maintained in Alamo Canyon. These plots wil
be Visited at least three times during the growing season; once early in the
growing season tMarch.Aprll) to look for'

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seedlings, and twice to check for impact to any seedlings or mature plants (see Project Design Feature 1/2 and Proposed Project Monitoring, Biological Assessment).

2. Monitoring wil be continued at the 13 selected thistle sites. The impact threshold wil be reached when 25 percent of the plants exhibit 40 percent
herbivory during the period from July 1 to August 31. The Service wil be informed in a timely manner whenever this threshold is met or exceeded. When

and if this occurs, the cattle wil be removed or herded from the area or protective fencing (exclosuresJ wil be placed around the impacted area (see

Assssment).

Project Design Feature #2 and Proposed Project Monitoring, Biological

3. Monitoring of the status and estimation of population numbers wil be made on an annual basis by outside researchers (see Project Design Feature #2 and
Proposed Proíeet Monitoring, Biological Assessment).
4. Study plots wil be established to determine the long-term effect of grazing

on reproductive success. The Service wil be given the opportunity to comment

on the research design and wil be informed of the results of the studies in a
timely manner (see project Design Feature 112 end Proposed Project Monitoring,

Biological Assessment).

5. Reevaluation of the effects of grazing on the Sacramento Mountains thistle and the Sacramento prickly poppy based on Forest Service and research monitoring and study results should be done annually. The Service should be informed 01 the results of monitoring and research and given the oppoiiunity to partcipate In decisions about changes in management based on new

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information.

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6~ Forest Servce botanists should be 8 part of any changes in stocking fates, or in determining grazing sequence and range readiness of pastures (see
Environmental Assessment. Grazing Sequence. p. 14). The most recent

information on the status of the Sacramento Mountains thistle and the Sacramento prickly poppy should .be included In these decisions. .The Service should be informed in,8 timely manner and given time to' partcipate in

discussions and decisions. -

7. Because the health of these listed species is linked to the healt of riparian
zones on the lNF. the needs of the species should be included in riparian management plans. Because of the'sensitivity of many riparian specles.to grazing, the Forest SerVcB should be prepared to develop "flexible methods of management. Such methods could include riparian pastures, which would allow

grazing to be controlled in specific ereas for short periods of time.
CONCLUSION

This concludes formal consultation on the aet0n outlined in the request. As required by 50 CFR § 402. i 6, reinitiation of formal consultation is necessary if: 1) the amount

or extent of Incidental take is exceeded: 2) new information reveals effect of the
agency action that may affect listed species or critical habitat in a manner or to an extent not considered in this opinion; 3) the agency action is subsequently modified in

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a manner that causes an effect to the listed species or àitical habitat that was not considered in the biological opinion; or (4) a new species is fisted or critical habitat is
designated tht may be affected by the action.

If we can be of any further assistance. please contact Sonja Jahrsdoerfer at
(505) 761-4525.

Sincerely,

cc:
Regional Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico Regional Forester, U.S. Forest Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico Regional Botanist. U.S. Forest Service. Albuquerque, New Mexico Director. New Mexico Energy. Minerals and Natural Resources Departent. Santa Fe. New Mexico

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LITERATURE CITED

U.S.D.A. Forest Servce. 1984. Rjchard Sherman case report. Cloudcroft RangerDistrict. lincoln ,.ationBI Forest. Otaro County, New Mexico.

'T . _ .

, 989. Draft interim management plan for Argemooe Dlejacantha ssp. Dinnatiseçtp (Sacramento prickly poppy). U.S.D.A. Forest
SerVce. Albuquerque. New Mexico. 12 pp.

1992a. Sacramento Allotment grazing monitoring plan for the intarim period between May 1992 and implementation of the AMP anticipated to be in
1994. U.S.D.A. Forest Servce. Albuquerque. New Mexico. 5 pp.

i 992b. Threatened. endangered and sensitive species biological
evaluation. Lincoln Nation Forest. Sacramento Allotment Interim Summer

Grazing Plan, U.S.D.A: Forest Service. Albuquerque. New Mexico. 21 pp.

, 1992c. Threatened, endangered and sensitive species
biological evaluation, Un"coln National Forest, U.S.D.A. Forest"Servica.

Albuquerque, New Mexico. 14 pp.
Galeano-Popp. R. 1994. Results of monitoring herbivory on Cirsium vinaceum. 1992-" 1993. Draft report on file. Lincoln National Forest. Alamogordo, New Mexico.

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Thomson. J.K. 1990. Habitat Analysis of Cirsium vinaceum (Asteraceae). Masters' thesis. New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. New Mexico.

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