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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE KEURIG, INCORPORATED, Plaintiff, v. KRAFT FOODS GLOBAL, INC., TASSIMO CORPORATION, and KRAFT FOODS INC., Defendants. Civil Action No. 07-017-GMS REDACTED PUBLIC VERSION
KEURIG'S OPPOSITION TO DEFENDANTS' MOTION IN LIMINE TO PRECLUDE EXPERT TESTIMONY OF TED LINGLE
John W. Shaw (No. 3362) [email protected] Karen E. Keller (No. 4489) [email protected] YOUNG CONAWAY STARGATT & TAYLOR, LLP The Brandywine Building 1000 West Street, 17th Floor Wilmington, DE 19801 (302) 571-6600 Michael A. Albert Michael N. Rader WOLF, GREENFIELD & SACKS, P.C. 600 Atlantic Ave. Boston, MA 02210 (617) 646-8000 Attorneys for Plaintiff Keurig, Incorporated Dated: August 15, 2008
DB02:7138958.1
065927.1001
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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I, Karen E. Keller, Esquire, hereby certify that on August 22, 2008, a true and correct copy of the foregoing document was electronically filed with the Clerk of the Court using CM/ECF which will send notification that such filing is available for viewing and downloading to the following counsel of record: Richard L. Horwitz, Esquire [[email protected]] David E. Moore, Esquire [[email protected]] Potter Anderson & Corroon LLP Hercules Plaza 1313 North Market Street, 6th Floor Wilmington, Delaware 19801 Additionally, I hereby certify that on August 22, 2008, copies of the foregoing document were served by e-mail on the above-listed counsel of record and on the following nonregistered participants in the manner indicated below: BY E-MAIL David Schlitz, Esquire [[email protected]] Baker Botts L.L.P The Warner 1299 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, D.C. 20004-2400 YOUNG CONAWAY STARGATT & TAYLOR, LLP /s/ Karen E. Keller John W. Shaw (No 3362) [[email protected]] Adam W. Poff (No. 3990) [[email protected]] Karen E. Keller (No. 4489) [[email protected]] The Brandywine Building 1000 West Street, 17th Floor Wilmington, DE 19801 (302)-571-6600 Attorneys for Plaintiff Keurig, Incorporated
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Exhibit A
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE KEURIG, INCORPORATED, Plaintiff, v. KRAFT FOODS GLOBAL, INC., TASSIMO CORPORATION, and KRAFT FOODS INC., Defendants. RULE 26(A)(2)(B) EXPERT REPORT OF TED LINGLE APRIL 15, 2008 I. SCOPE OF WORK AND COMPENSATION Civil Action No. 07-017 (GMS)
I have been engaged by counsel for Keurig, Incorporated ("Keurig") to examine the materials discussed in the body of this report and/or listed in Exhibit A, and to evaluate whether Defendants' (collectively, "Kraft") Tassimo "T-Discs" include all of the features described in the asserted claims of Keurig's U.S. Patent No. 6,607,762 ("the `762 patent"). I have also been asked to provide a perspective on background issues such as the coffee industry, the process of brewing coffee, the development of "single-serve" systems like those sold by Keurig and Kraft, and the value of particular benefits that the invention described in the `762 patent makes possible. I expect to provide testimony at trial conveying and explaining the opinions set forth in this report. I further expect to provide testimony covering additional background information pertinent to this case. My testimony may include use of exhibits and demonstrations. I have not yet prepared such exhibits or demonstrations, but expect to do so in accordance with the Court's scheduling orders. In support of my opinions, I may also use any of the documents produced by the parties in discovery and/or industry publications, and particularly those documents referred to in the body of this report or in any exhibit hereto. If additional documents come to light at a later time, I reserve the right to address those as well.1 My compensation in this case, which follows my standard fee schedule and is not contingent in any way on the outcome of this litigation, is as follows: $100 per hour for trial preparation activities; $300 per hour for deposition testimony; $1,500 for a half-day of trial testimony; and $2,500 for a full day of trial testimony. For example, I understand from Keurig's counsel that Kraft recently produced a large quantity of documents that Keurig's counsel has not yet been able to review in detail.
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II.
QUALIFICATIONS
I am the Executive Director of the Coffee Quality Institute ("CQI"), a non-profit organization that the Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA) founded in 1996 in order to improve the quality of coffee and also the lives of the people who produce it. I became Executive Director of CQI in 2006. I previously served for 15 years as the Executive Director of the SCAA, an organization that I co-founded with other industry members in 1983. The SCAA is the trade association for the specialty coffee industry and is involved in setting quality standards and providing industry training in the areas of coffee processing, roasting, cupping and brewing. During my tenure as Executive Director, the SCAA grew in size from 350 to over 2,400 members. The SCAA also established a number of technical standards that advance quality guidelines in all facets of coffee, from seed to cup. I remain on the organization's staff as Senior Advisor on technical specifications for coffee quality. I also worked as vice president of marketing for Lingle Bros. Coffee, Inc. for 20 years from 1970 to 1990. During this period I directed the company's sales programs for the food service, office coffee service, and specialty coffee market segments. I was responsible for establishing quality standards for the company's products and conducting training programs for both company personnel and customers. In addition, I represented the company on various coffee industry boards and committees. I graduated from the United States Military Academy with a B.S. in civil engineering. I have served on committees of the National Coffee Association and the National Coffee Service Association. I was also Chairman and a member of the Board of Directors of the Coffee Development Group/Promotion Fund of the International Coffee Organization. I have received a number of coffee industry honors. In 1998, I was awarded the National Medal of Merit by the Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia. In 2004, I was awarded the Order Flor de Café Medal of Merit by the Guatemalan National Coffee Association. In 2007, I was awarded the Bwana Kahawa Lifetime Achievement Award by the Eastern African Fine Coffees Association (EAFCA). EAFCA officers dubbed me the "grandfather of the specialty coffee movement." I have testified before the U.S. House Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere at hearings concerning "The Coffee Crisis in the Western Hemisphere." Through my three decades of practical work experience in the coffee industry, I have become intimately familiar with the process of brewing coffee and the many variables that contribute to the quality of the product. I pioneered the use of the Coffee Conductivity Meter, an electronic instrument used to measure coffee strength. I also have extensive experience
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"cupping" coffee (i.e., evaluating the sensory effects of coffee's aroma, taste, and body). I travel extensively internationally teaching these skills in many coffee producing countries. I have written a number of books related to the coffee industry. For example, I wrote The Coffee Cupper's Handbook, which is now in its third edition. Coffee cupping is the traditional means for professional coffee tasters to make sensory evaluations of coffee beans. I wrote the Cupper's Handbook in order to promote the discussion of meaningful and accurate coffee flavor terminology. The book describes flavor chemistry and explains the sources of coffee's aroma, taste, and body. Likewise, The Coffee Brewing Handbook: A Systematic Guide to Coffee Preparation is a compendium of the many scientific studies on coffee brewing conducted by the coffee industry during the last fifty years. I wrote the Brewing Handbook to help coffee merchants understand how to maximize the potential of the coffee beans that they purchase. I have also written shorter books (The Basics of Cupping Coffee and The Basics of Brewing Coffee) in order to distil the content of my handbooks for a broader audience. Exhibit B lists various books and articles that I have written, particularly over the last ten years. I regularly write for CQI and SCAA circulars as well as other trade publications. A list of the cases during the last four years in which I have testified as an expert either at trial or by deposition is provided in Exhibit C. III. SUMMARY OF OPINIONS
Based on my review of Kraft's products, as well as the other materials listed in Exhibit A, it is my opinion that Kraft's Tassimo T-Discs having an internal filter (i.e., filter coffee, crema, tea, and espresso T-Discs) include all of the features in the asserted claims (i.e., claims 1, 2, 8, 9, and 10) of Keurig's `762 patent. It is also my opinion that various advantages of the same-side piercing technology described in Keurig's `762 patent, and adopted in Kraft's Tassimo / T-Disc system, translate into real-world benefits that boost sales of Kraft's Tassimo brewers and T-Discs.
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"[A] soluble beverage medium stored in said first chamber" Any coffee, crema coffee, espresso, or tea T-Disc sold by Kraft has a soluble beverage medium stored in the first chamber of the cartridge (i.e., the portion of the cartridge into which water flows before passing through the filter). As discussed above, a significant portion of the substances found in ground coffee and tea are soluble in hot water. These soluble substances in fact give coffee and tea their aroma and taste. As I explain more fully in the background section, coffee brewing is the art of controlling coffee strength (i.e., solubles concentration) and extraction (i.e., solubles yield). Total dissolved solids has been a key metric for the coffee industry for more than 50 years, and the coffee conductivity meter that I pioneered is a useful tool for making these measurements. The fact that not all of the substances in roasted ground coffee or tea are soluble under normal brewing conditions is immaterial. Most of the insoluble bean fiber is left behind in the spent coffee grounds (or leaf fiber in the case of tea), and additional insoluble substances are removed during the brewing process by means of a filter (one of the components described and claimed in the `762 patent). If only instant coffee or other completely soluble ingredients constituted a "soluble beverage medium," there would be no need for a filter. Accordingly, I see no basis for interpreting the word "soluble" in the claim to mean "completely soluble," as I understand Kraft has proposed. Indeed, such an extreme interpretation would directly contradict other aspects of the `762 patent specification. The `762 patent explains that the beverage medium loaded into the first chamber is "typically roasted ground coffee." (Col. 3, line 20). Roasted ground coffee, which is not "completely" soluble, is the ingredient for Kraft's coffee, crema coffee, and espresso T-Discs. One can look at the "soluble beverage medium" issue from another angle as well. That portion of the coffee grounds which dissolves to form the coffee is of course a "soluble beverage medium." I understand from Keurig's counsel that in U.S. patent law, adding material or structure to a device that infringes a patent claim does not avoid infringement. In the case of the T-Disc, using coffee grounds that include a soluble component and an insoluble component does not change the fact that the soluble component (at a minimum) constitutes a soluble beverage medium. "a lid closing the access opening, said lid having a first section overlying said first chamber and a second section overlying said second chamber" A T-disc has a lid that covers the access opening. This lid is necessary to retain the contents of the T-disc inside the outer container. A portion of the lid covers the section of the cartridge into which water flows before it passes through the internal filter. In other words, a "first section" of the lid (shown in blue below) overlies the "first chamber" as the Court has construed the term. Another portion of the lid covers the section of the cartridge into which the liquid (now a solution of water and coffee or tea "soluble solids") flows after passing through the filter (shown in red below):
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Claim 8 Infringement of claim 8 depends on infringement of claim 1. The only additional requirement is that the outer container be "impermeable to liquids and gases." The T-Disc satisfies this limitation. The hard plastic of the container keeps unwanted liquid from reaching the beverage media (roast and ground coffee, tea, etc.) inside the T-Disc. I have personally tested T-Discs and observed that they are watertight. The hard plastic of the container also minimizes the flow of oxygen and other gases into the beverage media. Kraft informs customers that T-Discs can be enjoyed up to six weeks after opening the outer carton wrapping.2 Assuming timely delivery of a T-Disc to a consumer, six weeks is a commercially reasonable period of time for the T-Disc to remain unspoiled. Hence, the T-Disc would be considered effectively oxygen impermeable. Claim 9 Infringement of claim 9 depends on infringement of claim 1. The only additional requirement is that the lid be "impermeable to liquids and gases." The T-Disc satisfies this limitation. The lid keeps unwanted liquid from reaching the beverage media (roast and ground coffee, tea, etc.) inside the T-Disc. As noted above, I have personally tested T-Discs and observed that they are watertight. The content of the lid also minimizes the flow of oxygen and other gases into the beverage media. The lid includes an aluminum layer, and aluminum is known to be a good oxygen barrier. Claim 10 Independent claim 10 of the `762 patent essentially combines the requirements of independent claim 1 with the requirements of dependent claims 2, 8, and 9. T-Discs therefore infringe claim 10 for the reasons that I have explained above.3 B. The Benefits of Same-Side Piercing to Kraft's Tassimo & T-Disc System
The same-side piercing invention described in Keurig's `762 patent offers a number of important advantages that contribute to the desirability of the Tassimo and T-Disc system. By making the inlet and outlet piercers operate from the same direction, the developers of the Tassimo brewers were able to incorporate a very simple combined design that includes both piercers in one unit which can be made of plastic (rather than metal, which is more expensive) and is easily removable from the brewer.
2
Response to Frequently Asked Question No. 18, http://www.tassimo.ca/tassimo/page?siteid=tassimo-prd&locale=caen1&PagecRef=531. Claim 10 does require a "planar filter element" whereas simply claim 1 specifies a "filter element." I understand that Kraft agrees that the distinction is immaterial for the purposes of the present case. The Court noted this agreement in the Claim Construction Order (page 2, note 2).
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This design, which is made possible by the same-side piercing invention, has a variety of advantages including the following: · The cheaper the piercer unit, the lower the price that Kraft or its partners need to charge for the Tassimo brewers. Particular "price points" (e.g., under $100) can be important when it comes to coffee brewers, helping Kraft to sell more brewers and ultimately more T-Discs. · The Tassimo brewer's piercer unit can readily be removed and cleaned even in the dishwasher. The Tassimo User Guide4 specifically notes that the piercing unit is "easily removable" and "dishwasher safe." For sanitation reasons, this is particularly important when using a milk T-Disc to make a latte, cappuccino, or chai tea. In fact, the Tassimo User Guide recommends rinsing the piercing unit after using a milk or chocolate T-Disc. My understanding is that Kraft has actively promoted the Tassimo system's ability to produce milk-based drinks a feature that current Keurig systems do not include. In short, same-side piercing, which facilitates removal and cleaning of the piercer unit, plays an important role in Defendants' ability to differentiate their products in this way. · The piercer can also be removed to check for blockage or damage. Defendants advise such inspection in response to several frequently asked questions (e.g., Nos. 33 and 35).5 Defendants also sell replacement piercer units. The ability of customers to troubleshoot and repair Tassimo brewers in this manner distinguishes Tassimo from typical consumer electronic devices (including most coffee brewers) and fosters favorable word-of-mouth.
4 5
http://www.tassimodirect.com/tassimo/cust/UserGuide.pdf. http://www.tassimo.ca/tassimo/page?siteid=tassimo-prd&locale=caen1&PagecRef=531.
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· By allowing the key mechanical components and tubing for both the inflow and outflow to sit in the roughly the same location (underneath the T-Disc, which is inserted with the lid down), the same-side piercing invention also gave designers the flexibility to create a compact and attractive brewer. Defendants tout the fact that Tassimo is only 30.2 cm high, "making it a compact addition to any kitchen." (FAQ 23).
I, Ted R. Lingle submit this report pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2). I may adjust my analysis in light of the views offered by Kraft (or its expert witnesses) or based on information that is provided to me in the future. I may express additional views in an expert report submitted in rebuttal to expert reports submitted by Kraft. I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing statements are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.
Dated: April 14, 2008
_________________________ Ted R. Lingle
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Exhibit B
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CONFIDENTIAL ATTORNEYS' EYES ONLY IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE KEURIG, INCORPORATED, Plaintiff, v. KRAFT FOODS GLOBAL, INC., TASSIMO CORPORATION, and KRAFT FOODS INC., Defendants. Civil Action No. 07-017 (GMS) CONFIDENTIAL ATTORNEYS' EYES ONLY
RULE 26(A)(2)(B) REBUTTAL EXPERT REPORT OF TED LINGLE MAY 13, 2008
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CONFIDENTIAL ATTORNEYS' EYES ONLY I. SCOPE OF WORK AND QUALIFICATIONS
I have been engaged by counsel for Keurig, Incorporated ("Keurig") to review and respond to the expert report submitted by Malcolm E. Taylor dated April 15, 2008. As described more fully in the expert report that I previously submitted in this case, I have worked in the coffee industry for decades and I am intimately familiar with the process by which a coffee beverage is produced, from seed to cup. I expect to provide testimony at trial conveying and explaining the opinions set forth in this report. I further expect to provide testimony covering additional background information pertinent to this case and my testimony. My testimony may include use of exhibits and demonstrations. I have not yet prepared such exhibits or demonstrations, but expect to do so in accordance with the Court's scheduling orders. In support of my opinions, I may also use any of the documents produced by the parties in discovery and/or industry publications, and particularly those documents referred to in the body of this report or in any exhibit hereto. If additional documents come to light at a later time, I reserve the right to address those as well. Exhibit A lists the additional materials (apart from those listed in Exhibit A of my opening report) that I have reviewed for this report. II. SUMMARY OF OPINIONS
In my opinion, piercing the foil lid of a Singles cartridge containing ground coffee (like those that Mr. Taylor and the Kraft employees tested) and injecting a quantity of water into the cartridge (as opposed to making use of the pre-molded inlet hole on the side of the cartridge opposite the foil lid) does not produce a "beverage" within the meaning of Keurig's `762 patent. That is, one does not obtain output liquid of sufficient strength and with an adequate flavor and aroma profile so as to be accepted as a coffee beverage by consumers. Therefore, while the Singles cartridge does contain a "soluble beverage medium," it does not have a single lid with both (1) a "first section ... being pierceable to accommodate an inflow of liquid ... for infusion with the beverage medium to produce a beverage" and (2) a "second section ... being permeable to accommodate an outflow of the beverage to the exterior of [the] cartridge." In my opinion U.S. Patent Nos. 4,853,234 ("the `234 patent") and 4,452,130 ("the `130 patent") likewise fail to disclose a cartridge meeting the above claim limitations. A typical engineer in the coffee industry reading the patents would not understand them to describe a cartridge that is potentially (let alone necessarily) capable of producing a beverage within the meaning of the `762 patent when making use of the same-side piercing concept that Keurig's inventors pioneered. It is also my opinion that the outer container of the Singles cartridge is not impermeable to gases within the meaning of that phrase as used in claim 8 of the `762 patent.
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CONFIDENTIAL ATTORNEYS' EYES ONLY III. OPINIONS AND EXPLANATIONS A. The Singles Cartridge is Not Capable of Converting A Soluble Beverage Medium Into a Corresponding Beverage Through Same-Side Piercing.
Mr. Taylor opines that the Singles cartridge1 has a lid with (1) a "first section ... being pierceable to accommodate an inflow of liquid ... for infusion with the beverage medium to produce a beverage" and (2) a "second section ... being piercable to accommodate an outflow of the beverage to the exterior of [the] cartridge." Specifically, Mr. Taylor concludes that (1) the foil lid of the Singles cartridge is physically capable of being pierced to permit a flow of liquid into the coffee storage chamber; and (2) the lid is also physically capable of being pierced a second time to permit a flow of liquid out of the cartridge after that liquid has been in contact with the ground coffee. Mr. Taylor's analysis overlooks the defining feature of the `762 patent invention: a single-serve filter cartridge that takes a soluble beverage medium (e.g., ground coffee) and converts it into a finished product that consumers will want to purchase and drink. For example, the `762 patent notes the "widespread acceptance" that certain prior art single-serve filter cartridges had gained in the marketplace. (Col. 1, lines 35-36). The patent stresses the value of using impermeable materials for the outer container and lid, or enclosing the cartridges within an impermeable wrap. This prevents oxidation and preserves freshness. In the context of the `762 patent, therefore, "beverage" means a brewed liquid (e.g., coffee) of sufficient strength and with an adequate flavor and aroma profile so as to be accepted by consumers for purchase and consumption. While Mr. Taylor suggests that it is theoretically possible to take a Singles cartridge (designed for conventional opposite-side piercing), inject hot water into the lid, and ultimately collect a "coffee liquor" through a second piercing of the same lid, he offers no analysis of or opinion on whether that "liquor" constitutes a beverage within the meaning of the `762 patent. Working with Alexander Slocum, a professor of engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, I tested a series of Singles cartridges and concluded that the liquid obtained when trying to use those cartridges in a same-side piercing setup is not a beverage within the meaning of the `762 patent. I observed Professor Slocum carry out a series of experiments using a newly-opened sleeve of Singles cartridges containing ground coffee (specifically, Kenco Colombian Coffee) as the soluble beverage medium:
I understand that Keurig and Kraft disagree as to whether the Singles cartridge qualifies as "prior art" to Keurig's `762 patent. I have not been asked to render an opinion on that subject.
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CONFIDENTIAL ATTORNEYS' EYES ONLY The table below details the sets of parameters tested, all of which involved piercing the foil lid for both inflow of water and outflow of liquid. The table also indicates the corresponding total dissolved solids (TDS)2 of the liquids obtained from the testing. The testing was performed using parameters designed to duplicate the water volume (180 mL) and peak temperature (185 degrees F) generated by a Singles brewer.3 Experiment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Orientation Foil down, with plate Foil down, with plate Foil up, with plate Foil up, with plate Foil up, with plate Vertical, with plate; outlet nozzle at the bottom Vertical, with plate; outlet nozzle at the bottom Pressure 3.2 psi 15.7 psi 14.7 psi 15.4 psi 3.4 psi 3.1 psi 15 psi Time 19 seconds 12 seconds 27 seconds 8.2 seconds 1 minute 6 seconds 19.2 seconds 13.72 seconds TDS 615 ppm 635 ppm 865 ppm 629 ppm 674 ppm 802 ppm 769 ppm
These experiments, using Singles cartridges containing ground coffee as the soluble beverage medium, yielded liquids that simply did not constitute coffee beverages within the meaning of the `762 patent.4 Photos of several of the liquids follow below.
These readings were taken using a coffee conductivity meter. My earlier report describes this instrument and my role in its development. A Singles brewer was tested using a Kenco Colombian Singles cartridge in order to establish these parameters. I also inspected a Singles cartridge after it had been used in the Singles brewer and noted that it had been pierced on the foil side only for the outlet. In other words, the Singles brewer uses conventional opposite-side piercing technology. I was not present when Kraft's engineers (or Mr. Taylor) tested Singles cartridges and therefore did not see or taste the resulting liquids. Even if those liquids constituted coffee beverages within the meaning of the `762 patent (which I doubt in light of Professor Slocum's results) such tests would not establish that Singles cartridges are necessarily piercable to accommodate an inflow and an outflow and to produce a beverage as I understand is required by the `762 patent claims. Professor Slocum's testing shows that, under a wide variety of conditions and parameters, Singles cartridges do not meet those claim limitations. -44 3
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Experiment 2
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Experiment 4
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Experiment 5
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CONFIDENTIAL ATTORNEYS' EYES ONLY I smelled and tasted several of these liquids, confirming my visual analysis that they do not constitute coffee beverages within the meaning of the `762 patent. The TDS measurements also support this conclusion. Even the strongest of the liquids obtained in Professor Slocum's testing (experiment 3 865 ppm) had a TDS reading almost 20 percent lower than that of the cup of coffee brewed by inserting a Kenco Colombian Singles cartridge into an actual Kenco Singles brewer for opposite-side piercing as designed (1080 ppm). I also understand that Professor Slocum did further same-side-piercing testing using the Kenco Colombian Singles cartridges. In particular, I understand that he removed the inlet seals (so as to simulate cartridges produced on a "Lambert" production line) and obtained output liquids less than one third as concentrated (220 and 327 ppm) as the Singles brewer baseline. Based on the TDS readings alone, such liquids plainly do not constitute beverages within the meaning of the `762 patent.
A person of skill in the art, viewing the Singles cartridge, would appreciate that the manifold is intended to be used and that the cartridge is intended to be pierced for the inlet at the beveled inlet hole on the side of the cartridge opposite the foil lid. For purposes of the experiments described in this report, I asked Professor Slocum to use the Singles cartridges in a same-side piercing setup even though one of skill in the art would not have been motivated to do so.
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CONFIDENTIAL ATTORNEYS' EYES ONLY B. The Cartridges Described in the `234 and `130 Patents Are Not Capable of Converting a Soluble Beverage Medium Into a Corresponding Beverage Through Same-Side Piercing.
For similar reasons, it is my opinion that the `234 and `130 patents likewise fail to disclose a cartridge with a soluble beverage medium and a lid that is both (1) capable of being pierced to accommodate an inflow of liquid for infusion with the beverage medium to produce a beverage within the meaning of the `762 patent and (2) capable of being pierced to accommodate an outflow of that beverage to the exterior of the cartridge. As with Kenco Singles cartridges, the embodiments described in the `234 and `130 patents are designed for conventional opposite-side piercing. There is no disclosure or suggestion in either of these patents of the idea of same-side piercing through a foil lid for both inflow of liquid and outflow of beverage. The cartridges described in the `234 patent are similar in many respects to the Singles cartridges; the `234 patent even describes using water at high pressures up to 150 psi. (Col. 5, lines 35-36). The embodiment that Mr. Taylor discusses in his report is also described as including slots through which the water passes before infusing up through the beverage medium (after traveling down the inlet, from the top of the cartridge to the bottom). (Col. 7, lines 22-26). This manifold-based distribution of the hot water is critical for transforming the soluble beverage medium (e.g., ground coffee) into a corresponding beverage. If one instead tried to utilize the cartridges described in the `234 patent by means of same-side piercing, the results would be similar to what I observed with the Singles cartridge testing described and illustrated above. The cartridge in the `130 patent is designed for the ordinary top-down flow of hot water through the soluble beverage medium. Mr. Taylor nevertheless proposes to flip the cartridge upside down and have the hot water flow up through the coffee bed. What might happen in such a scenario, and whether it would produce a coffee beverage, is unknown.6 In my opinion, without even distribution of hot water jets as provided with a Singles-type manifold system, the "upside down" approach is very unlikely to produce a beverage within the meaning of the `762 patent. C. The Singles Cartridge is Not Impermeable to Gases.
Claim 8 of the `762 patent requires that the outer container of the cartridge be "impermeable to liquids and gases." Singles cartridges do not meet this requirement because Kraft's own packaging materials indicate that the cartridges are only best if used within one month of opening the metallic sleeve that serves as an oxygen barrier:
Mr. Taylor reports neither having made nor tested cartridges as described in the `234 and `130 patents.
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The package pictured above contained cartridges with closed inlet holes, yet Kraft includes the same one-month recommendation on sleeves containing cartridges with open inlet holes even though the contents of those cartridges are directly open to the air:
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CONFIDENTIAL ATTORNEYS' EYES ONLY Exhibit A Additional Materials Considered for Rebuttal Report · · · · · · Expert Witness Report of Malcolm E. Taylor (dated 4/15/08), including Exhibits 1-15 U.S. Patent No. 4,853,234 U.S. Patent No. 4,452,130 Various Kenco Singles cartridges Deposition Transcript of Andrew Bentley (2/27/08) Deposition Transcript of Hubert Weber (4/1/08)
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Page 1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE ---------------------------------------X KEURIG, INCORPORATED, Plaintiff, VS KRAFT FOODS GLOBAL, INC., TASSIMO CORPORATION, and KRAFT FOODS, INC., Defendants. Civil Action No. 07-CV-0017-GMS ---------------------------------------X
VIDEOTAPED DEPOSITION OF TED R. LINGLE Friday, June 27, 2008 9:11 a.m. - 2:05 p.m. WOLF, GREENFIELD & SACKS, P.C. 600 Atlantic Avenue Boston, Massachusetts 02210
Court Reporter:
Loretta Hennessey, RDR, CRR
ELLEN GRAUER COURT REPORTING CO. LLC 126 East 56th Street, Fifth Floor New York, New York 10022 212-750-6434 REF: 87840
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LINGLE Lingle knows, he can certainly answer. Q. Is the aroma, taste, body and color measured in any other way than TDS? A. It can be, but traditionally it has not been. Q. In what other way can it be measured? A. You can measure color with light refraction. You can measure body with an oven dehydration. Essentially the coffee industry was trying to find some parameter, some metric for evaluating what it did that was inexpensive, easily understood and readily applied. And so in the '50s the Coffee Brewing Center came up with this concept of dissolved solids as a way of evaluating on a scientific level what was contained in that beverage. Q. Okay. Now, on Page 4, the penultimate paragraph references Exhibit D, and that's the page that we looked at at the very back with this chart on it; is that correct? A. That's correct. Q. And this came from a book that you wrote? A. Yes.
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LINGLE A. I'm sure it's at least one. Q. Do you think it's at least two? A. Yeah, I think that would depend on the coffee drinker. Q. Okay. Now, a little while ago you said that a beverage has to have a certain amount of TDS in order to be, total dissolved solids in it, to be acceptable to the average consumer? A. That is correct. Q. Let's drill that down a little bit. If a, if a beverage has less than -- well, you -- while we certainly don't accept the number a thousand, you used the number a thousand. Okay? If a beverage has a thousand, is measured at a thousand TDS, then you would say that is a coffee beverage; is that correct? A. Right, with the understanding that that number represents a uniform or controlled extraction of the flavoring material. The TDS is only a metric, and it was a way the industry used to measure the extraction of the, from the beverage medium, the ground particles. And in that number is the assumption that there's particulate matter, meaning suspended solids that create body, and also
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LINGLE Q. Okay. Is the information in that book still accurate? A. Yes. Q. Okay. Now, in your area of expertise in coffee consumption, how many cups a day does the average coffee drinker drink? (Discussion off the record.) Q. Okay. What is the average number of cups of coffee a day a coffee consumer drinks in the United States? A. I believe that number this year was something on the order of 2.7. Q. And do you know if that's broken down to so many cups at home and then so many cups away from home per day? A. Yes, the National Coffee Association does coffee drinking trend studies that get into those various aspects about where coffee is consumed and in what quantity and what type. Q. Okay. And how many cups a day does the average coffee drinker drink at home? A. I don't recall those numbers. I'd have to look at that study. Q. Do you believe it's at least one?
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LINGLE a certain level of gaseous material that create coffee's aroma. And so you can't use a single number as being reflective of the entire beverage, which has color, body, and flavor, "flavor" meaning taste and aroma. The dissolved solids, things that dissolve, are basically the things that we taste, but the assumption in that number, that metric is that those other components are present. So I can't really say that there's a single number that separates the coffee as being a beverage versus one that's not. Q. Well, on Page 4 in the second paragraph, when I asked you, how do you measure aroma, taste, body and color, you said with, by the total dissolved solids, didn't you? A. I said that was the most common method, but not the only method. Q. But not the only method. But it's the most common method? A. That's correct. Q. Okay. So if we have -- using your number, if a -- if the minimum acceptable to a consumer is a thousand, while I don't accept that number, if you take that number, then is that a coffee beverage?
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LINGLE A. And I answered that as yes. Q. Okay. And just so I understand, that would be one percent; is that correct? A. Right. Correct. Q. Now, if a beverage measures less than a thousand, using your number, in your view it's no longer a coffee beverage; is that correct? A. It would depend on the other factors. I can't say and would not pretend to say that TDS is the sole definition of what constitutes a coffee beverage; it's simply a measurement indicating the amount of flavoring material that's present. Q. Well, doesn't it also measure, correspond to aroma? A. If the coffee's been properly brewed, then, yes, they're all in proportion. If the coffee's not properly brewed, then you can have a high TDS, but none of the other parameters that constitute a coffee beverage. Q. What do you mean "properly brewed"? A. The uniform extraction from all the particles. Q. So, well -- so a beverage that has 900 TDSs, could be a coffee beverage; is that right?
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LINGLE A. Well, I'm sure that that engineer would hire someone like me who is a coffee expert and can advise them on what the parameters are that they're shooting for in terms of creating a coffee beverage with the right level of color, body and flavor. Q. All right. So it would require hiring an expert like you? A. Yes, it would require someone who understands the coffee beverage. Q. Okay. Now, there are not many of you in the world, so if a, if a, an engineer of ordinary skill in the art wanted to use TDS as a measure, would that be an acceptable measure? A. That's an acceptable metric for measuring on a scientific basis the extract that you've created in that beverage cartridge. But I would disagree with the premise that there aren't many people like me in the world. I'm sure there are many coffee experts at a company like Kraft. I mean, I've met a few of them. They're very fine coffee people. Q. Absolutely. And maybe you'll meet some more at the trial. But if someone's not at a major company like Kraft,
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LINGLE A. If -- it could be if the other components were there, the aroma, taste, and body. Q. Well, how would one reading this patent in suit -- you've read the patent, haven't you? A. Yes, I have. Q. Okay. Now, you're an expert on coffee, but how would one of ordinary skill in the art with regard to the art of single-serve beverage cartridge, how would that person know if it is a coffee beverage? A. I'm not quite sure I understand your question. Could you repeat it? Q. You're one who's an expert, you told me, in coffee, right? A. Yes, that's correct. Q. Now, the -- one of ordinary skill in the art in building and constructing single-serve coffee, excuse me, single-serve beverage cartridges is not one who's an expert in coffee, you'd agree with that? A. I'd agree with that. Q. Okay. And how would that person know if the, if the beverage that extracts, that exited a cartridge was a coffee beverage?
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LINGLE just picks up the patent and wants to design -- but is an engineer, has a couple of years experience, he's a mechanical engineer, couple of years experience in developing consumer products, okay, that person who doesn't have a silver palate like you that can taste at least different things, how would that person know? A. Well, the literature on coffee brewing and what constitutes an acceptable coffee beverage is fairly widespread, so anyone who's going to the trouble of designing a brewing cartridge, which is really a fairly sophisticated brewing system, is going to spend the time to understand what the final result should be from that cartridge design. Q. Okay. Now, in your -- explain, if you would, please, explain why you believe a drink has to be acceptable to consumers to be considered a coffee beverage? A. When you talk about brewed coffee and coffee beverage, then in my mind implicit in that is one that's commercially viable, meaning that someone will pay you for it with the expectation of getting a cup of coffee. Q. And you've read the patent in suit, I take
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LINGLE it's based on the, my understanding of what the patent says. Q. If you would turn to the first, not the coverage page but the first page of this rebuttal report. Okay. Are you there? A. Uh-huh. Q. Okay. Under "Summary of Opinion," it says, on the fourth line -- well, let's read the whole thing. "In my opinion, piercing the foil lid of a Singles cartridge containing ground coffee (like those that Mr. Taylor and the Kraft employees tested) and injecting a quantity of water into the cartridge (as opposed to making use of the pre-molded inlet hole on the side of the cartridge opposite the foil lid)," and this is what I'm interested in, "does not produce a 'beverage' within the meaning of Keurig's '762 patent." Do you see that? A. Uh-huh. Q. You put the word "beverage" in quotations, and you say "'beverage' within the meaning of Keurig's '762 patent." Do you see that? Does the word "beverage" in Claim 1 of the patent, where it appears, have a special meaning that's
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LINGLE application, it means one that the average person would go out on a commercial level and purchase either for home use or for consumption away from home. Q. Okay. My question to you is, does "beverage" have a meaning in the patent that is different than its ordinary meaning? A. I believe it does. Q. Okay. What do you believe the ordinary meaning of "beverage" is? A. The ordinary meaning would be a product that could be either sold or consumed for a person's enjoyment. Q. So it's -A. I mean, there would be certain categories I would exclude. I wouldn't include tap water in the context of a beverage. Q. So you think the word "beverage" has a commercial, has a commercial connotation? A. When I read the patent, then I was assuming, my assumption is the average person reading that patent would assume this was a beverage for commercial application. Q. Okay. And what is the basis of that
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LINGLE different than the ordinary and usual meaning of that word? A. I think that is defined in the patent as a brewed beverage. Q. Right. A. Okay? And so I wanted to put the word in quotes to emphasize that we're using this word, which could be generic, in a very specific application, and that's brewed beverage. Q. Okay. A. Again, brewed coffee beverage. Q. Wait. Let's take this in parts. A. Okay. Q. You say, so it's not used in its generic sense. Do you mean its ordinary sense? A. Ordinary -MR. RADER: Objection to form. Q. Excuse me? A. Ordinary in what those of us who are consumers would interpret that to mean, consumers of a beverage, one that we purchased. Q. I'm sorry, and this is not your fault, I just didn't understand what you just said. A. To me the word "beverage" in this
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LINGLE assumption? A. That it basically talked about a brewed beverage, meaning one that was prepared in a way that involved controlled strength and controlled extraction in order to meet some beverage standard, either tea or coffee or whatever. Q. And what is the word -- what is it in the words "brewed beverage" that to you connotes controlled, some type of controlled standard? A. That's basically the science of coffee brewing is controlling the extraction, controlling the strength. It's not a random process, it's a controlled process. Q. Okay. And is there anything explicit in the patent that you point to that says it has to be commercially acceptable? A. In the patent it uses the phrase "widespread acceptance." Q. Right. A. Okay? And when you're reading a patent about a product that's designed to commercially produce a beverage, then I think it's fair to assume that that's the intent of those words. Q. Okay. I'm sorry, you just said when
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LINGLE you're reading a -MR. SCHLITZ: Can you read back what he just said. (Answer read). Q. What is it in the patent that suggests to you or, rather, explicitly says to you that it is designed to commercially, designed for a commercial product? MR. RADER: Objection, asked and answered. A. The whole intent of that brewing cartridge is to produce a coffee beverage that's commercially viable. Q. Okay. That's your reading of it, and I'm saying: What -- can you point to me what it is in the patent that leads you to believe that? A. The nature of the product, I mean, it's designed to produce a beverage. The understanding that I have that I'm assuming the person who granted the patent would have, that that was a commercial application, and the fact that it was suggesting that it was an advance on a current, existing patent that had widespread acceptance. Everything there says this is a commercial product.
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LINGLE A. Yes, I do. MR. RADER: Did you mark this as Exhibit 3? Q. Now, if you would turn to column 5. This is -- if you first look -A. Excuse me for a minute. Q. Yes? A. Being an old guy, I need to go get my glasses if I'm going to look at this. Q. You know what, I'm older than you so I certainly understand that. A. Well, maybe not. Q. Maybe not, maybe so. We're about the same. VIDEO OPERATOR: Going off the record, the time is 11:04. (Video off.) (Discussion off the record.) (Video on.) VIDEO OPERATOR: We're back on the record, the time is 11:06. Q. We're looking at Claim 1 of the patent, and on Page 5 it says, "A lid closing said access opening, said lid having a first section overlying
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LINGLE Q. And is your opinion based on your belief that the apparatus built according to this patent has to have commercial acceptance? A. That the resulting product has a commercial acceptance in the marketplace, yes. Q. So, just so the record is clear, you are -- your opinion is based on your understanding or belief that the patent requires that the apparatus that is disclosed and built would have commercial acceptance? A. That the intent of this patent is for a commercial device. MR. SCHLITZ: Okay. Could you read back his answer, please. (Answer read). Q. And thus is it your opinion that -- okay. (Discussion off the record.) Q. So -MR. SCHLITZ: Give me the patent, please. (Document marked as Exhibit 3 for identification) (Document exhibited to witness.) Q. You have the patent in front of you?
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LINGLE said first chamber and a second section overlying said second chamber." Now this is where I would ask you to concentrate. "The first section of said lid being pierceable to accommodate an inflow of liquid into said first chamber for infusion with the beverage medium to produce a beverage." Do you see that? A. Yes, I do. Q. Now, in your report you actually acknowledge that the Court has already interpreted the terms "said lid being pierceable to accommodate inflow of liquid;" is that correct? A. That's correct. Q. And what did the Court -- do you remember what the Court said that means? It's not a pop quiz. A. No, I don't recall specifically. Q. Okay. Well, if I tell you that it said, "capable of being pierced to permit an inflow of liquid." Okay? Then it goes on to say -- so that those terms the Court has already -A. Uh-huh. Q. -- construed.
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LINGLE you're referring to when you say "it." Q. Okay. Well, let me understand that. You ran eight or nine tests with Professor Slocum; is that correct? A. That's correct. Q. Okay. Now, you didn't run -- and let's turn to Page 4 of your rebuttal report. You have one set of variables which is foil down, with a plate. Do you see that? A. Yes. Q. And it's at 3.2 psi, right? A. Yes. Q. And for 19 seconds, right? And you got 615 PPMs. Now, that would, if I understand it, you put 615 PPM, in fact that should be 6,150 PPM? A. Yes. Q. Okay. And you only did that once, right? Correct? A. That is correct. Q. Okay. But then you have another set of variables, which is foil down, with plate, at 15.7 psi at 12 seconds and you got 635 PPMs. A. Uh-huh.
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LINGLE Q. What number? A. The "acceptable to consumer" number. Q. I understand that. We can even use your number. Okay? A. Okay. Q. If this -- if your third test was a thousand -- no, let's say if your third test was 1200, okay, but your first two tests -- and we're -for this discussion, although I don't agree with it, we'll accept the one percent, a thousand, as the cut-off for acceptability. If the third test was a 1200 but if the first two tests were only 800, okay, or 615, 635, okay, would you then be opining that the -- would it still be your opinion that the Kenco Singles is not capable of producing a coffee beverage? A. I would say yes, but with the understanding that my opinion is not based totally on dissolved solids, it's also based on the texture, the body of the beverage, the taste of the beverage, and the aroma of the beverage -Q. Right. A. -- that there's a subjective element here as well.
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LINGLE Q. Then you have foil up, with plate, at 14.7 psi for 27 seconds and you got 865. So the 865 is several hundred more than the foil down, with plate, so that would be variable is what you're saying to me? MR. RADER: Objection to form. A. That is correct. Q. Right. Okay. Is part of your opinion based on the fact that there is that variability? A. Yes, that's what I've testified. Q. Okay. Now, so that we're not -- so I understand this and we're not caught in the, in these numbers, just the fact that what is, what TDS is acceptable. Okay? And let's assume for a moment that, let's assume that 665 was a, is acceptable to consumers but -- excuse me, 865 is acceptable to consumers but 635 is not. Okay? A. But I think that's not a fair assumption, because the assumption we have is that if it's reasonably well brewed, that number is going to be close to a thousand, so... Q. I'm sorry, say that again now? A. If the coffee is brewed correctly, that number is going to be close to a thousand.
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LINGLE Q. You said "yes," something. What were you saying yes to? A. Yes, that the beverage that I watched produced with single-side piercing of that Kenco cartridge would not be an acceptable coffee beverage for the consumer. Q. Okay. But I was trying to understand is it, if you, in my example of 1200 in example, in test 3, but 615, 635 in tests 1 and 2, is it not acceptable because of the variability? A. No, my point on variability was not suggesting that that be tied directly to acceptability. Q. Okay. A. It's that the fact that when used in single-side piercing does not create the same result when it's used in the way it was designed, which is opposite-side piercing. Q. Okay. Well, I'm going to get to that because that's a very interesting observation. But in order to be capable of producing a coffee beverage, in your mind, does it have to be, and to satisfy the claims, does it have to be capable of producing a coffee beverage at all variables?
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LINGLE same for tests 1 through 7; is that correct? A. That's correct. Q. Okay. Now, going back to something we talked about earlier, your -- if I understand you correctly, your opinion is based on, that the Kenco Singles is not capable of producing a coffee beverage when used in same-side piercing, is based on your, the tests that you performed, you and doctor, Professor Slocum, and your review of Mr. Bentley and Mr. Rowan's test results, right? A. (Witness nods.) Q. And we've already talked about that Mr. Rowan and Mr. Bentley, it's simply based on the metrics because you weren't able to taste and smell? A. Uh-huh. Q. Okay. And if I understood you correctly, you said that the reason -- well, I don't want to presume. What -- do you have an opinion as to the reason that the Kenco's Singles cartridge is not capable of producing a beverage cartridge, a coffee beverage? A. When used in same-side piercing? Q. Yes. A. It's because the injection of the fluid at
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LINGLE A. Well, the cartridge is a well-engineered cartridge that's designed to take the inlet water and move it to, I think it's five or six different openings on the side of the cartridge, and in also disbursing the flow of the water into the cartridge from one single point to about ten or 12 different points. It also greatly reduces the pressure. And by reducing the pressure, then it slows down the flow, and that causes the particles to be wetted and extracted in a uniform manner before the resulting beverage exits the cartridge. Q. Okay. Now, if you were to inject water through the foil, but into the, into the manifold, would the Kenco's Singles cartridge produce a coffee beverage? A. No, I believe that's the test that Professor Taylor and Mr. Bentley did, and it still came up short -Q. Because -A. -- so there -- I'm not -Q. Came up short in what measurement? A. Low in the soluble solids. Q. Okay. But what you've just said is based on your belief that the metric, the resulting metric
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LINGLE one point causes the fluid to move through the coffee and tunnel, meaning it's overextracting some coffee particles and underextracting or not extracting others, so you get a partial extraction and a poor flavor. Q. Okay. And why is that with regard to the Kenco's Singles, why do you get those tunneling and you don't get full wetting and such, that you just -A. The nature of the fluid in moving through the particles is to follow the path of least resistance. Q. Yes. And explain that. A. Well, it means the water wants to exit the cartridge as soon as it can, so as soon as it encounters an obstacle like a coffee particle, instead of trying to move through the coffee particle, it moves around it, so the water in effect bypasses the coffee and moves directly to the exit point, and that's what produces that weak, underextracted sort of tasteless brew. Q. Okay. Now, and I think you said something about the manifold. What were you saying about the manifold?
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LINGLE is outside the acceptable range for consumers? A. Yes, using the metric as an analogy. Q. Okay. But if it were in the -- if that metric were in the acceptable range for consumers, would you have any reason to say that the piercing into the manifold area would not produce a acceptable coffee beverage? A. Well, I'd still want to taste the beverage so we're not using soluble solids as the only method of -Q. I understand that. But you explained why you thought piercing directly into the coffee bed, but I'm -- since -- if you use the manifold, and you get this more even distribution, why would it not create a coffee beverage? A. If I understand your question correctly, you're saying if we use the manifold with same-side piercing? Q. Yes. A. I'm not exactly sure of the answer because it has to do with the fluid dynamics of the way the water would actually move through that manifold, and I think that's more in the area of expertise of someone who's an expert in fluid design.
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LINGLE and the flavor of that beverage. Q. I understand. And you think those were all quite weak? A. Some were, in terms of a normal coffee flavor, undetectable. Q. But at least the 865, the one that got 865 certainly was detectable? A. Not as I would define a coffee beverage. If I could expand for just a minute. Q. Yes, okay. A. When we think of a coffee beverage, it's really a balance of ingredients, and the reason we do that is because there's no single component that represents coffee's flavor. Coffee's a very complex beverage, it has some 1200 different compounds that are part of it. So what we're really tasting when we taste a coffee beverage is the balance of the mixture. If a portion of that mixture is absent, or is not present in sufficient strength to raise it above our threshold, our taste threshold, it's just the same as it isn't there. Q. Right. A. So the resulting sort of flavor, the subjective evaluation of the outflow of the tests we
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LINGLE Q. Bitter and astringent. Okay. Some people like it bitter and astringent, don't they? A. Not if that's the only coffee compound you taste. Q. Okay. Now, let me understand this. Your view is because it didn't -- it burrowed and it didn't go through the coffee, it didn't pick up enough, it didn't pick up enough of it, okay, but you mentioned some 1400 compounds or something in coffee? A. 1200. Q. 1200 compounds. Any reason -- it would pick up those compounds in those where it did touch or did extract, right? A. (Witness nods.) Q. It just didn't have enough of it, isn't that your point? It's not that it didn't have the 1200 compounds, it's just didn't have enough to suit your tastes? A. It didn't have enough to pass the threshold I have for evaluating what is a coffee and what's not a coffee. Q. But that is -- didn't pass that threshold? Right. Okay. I'm just going back again to the ice
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LINGLE ran on the Kenco cartridges did not represent a coffee beverage, it's not just the TDS. Q. What I'm trying to say is because it didn't have, in your opinion, enough coffee aroma, but in an ice coffee, the aroma is practically nonexistent? A. That's correct. Q. Okay. And in an iced coffee the flavor has been substantially diluted with the ice, right? A. But you still have a coffee-like flavor. Q. You have a coffee-like flavor. Right. Okay. You're saying at 865, you wouldn't have a coffee flavor? A. None of those extracts had a coffee-like flavor. Q. Okay. Well, what was the flavor -describe to me the flavor that, on test 3, foil up, with plate, 14.7 psi, 27 seconds, 865. A. All of the flavors were bitter and astringent. Q. I didn't ask you -- I asked you about that one. A. It was bitter and astringent.
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LINGLE coffee, make sure I understand. Okay? A. Uh-huh. Q. When you have ice coffee, the aroma practically goes away because -A. (Witness nods.) Q. Okay. But it's still a coffee? A. The flavor you get is still a recognizable coffee flavor. Q. Okay. But the flavor you get has been substantially diluted, right? A. As the ice melts, the flavor is diluted. Q. Okay. But it's still a coffee as the ice melts? A. That's correct. Q. Okay. And so it can be, it can be -- in ice coffee, it can have a very weak coffee flavor as the ice melts? A. The ice will dilute the flavor. Q. Okay. Turning to your, turning to your rebuttal report in the third paragraph under Summary of Opinions, you say, "It is also my opinion that the outer container of the Singles cartridge is not impermeable to gases within the meaning of that phrase as used in claim 8 of the '762 patent." Do
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THIS EXHIBIT HAS BEEN REDACTED IN ITS ENTIRETY
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Exhibit G
Case 1:07-cv-00017-GMS
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Case 1:07-cv-00017-GMS
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