Free Declaration - District Court of Delaware - Delaware

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EXHIBIT A

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United States Patent
Lau
[54] SURVIVABLE RING NETWORK [75] Inventor: [73] Assignee:

[45]

Patent Number: Date of Patent:

4,835,763
May 30, 1989

Chi-Leung Lau, Eatontown, N.J. Bell Communications Research, Inc., Livingston, N.J. Feb. 4, 1988

4,554,659 11/1985 4,633,246 12/1986 4,648,088 3/1987 4,683,563 7/1987 4,710,915 12/1987

Blood et al. .......................... 370/88 Jones et al. ..................... 340/825.05 Cagle et al. ........................... 370/16 Rouse et al. .......................... 370/16

Kitahara ................................

370/16

[21] Appl. No.: 152,238
[22] Filed:

H04J 1/16 H04J 3/14 [51] Int. Cl.4 ............................ 370/16; 370/88 [52] US. Cl. ......................................... [58] Field of Search ....................... 370/13, 16, 88, 84, 370/89, 95; 371/8, 11
1561 References Cited

Primary Examiner-Benedict V. Safourek Assistant Examiner-Wellington Chin Attorney. Agent, or Firm-James W. Falk; John T Peoples [571 ABSTRACT A survivable ring network is disclosed that can withstand a cut link or failed node, without the need for a central controller or protection switching among links. The disclosed invention comprises two rings carrying identical multiplexed node-to-node communications in opposite directions. When a system error is detected in a downstream node, error signals are inserted in all subrate channels. Each subrate channel receiver receives identical communications from each ring. If one subrate channel has an error signal, the receiver selects the alternate channel.
8 Claims, 4 Drawing Sheets

US.PATENT DOCUMENTS
Re. 28,958 9/1976
3,652,798 3/1972 4,370,744 1/1983 4,501,021 2/1985 4,527,270 7/1985 4,530,085 7/1985 4,542,496 9/1985 4,542,502 8/1985 4,553,233 11/1985

Zafiropulo et al. .......... 340/147 SC McNeilly et al. ............. 179/15 AL Hirano et al. ......................... 370/88 Sweeton ................................ 371/11 Hamada et al. ....................... 370/15 Takeyama et al. ...................370/16 Levinson et al. ........... 370/88 Debuysscher et al. ...............370/16
Weiss

..................................

455/601

2-3 1-3 4-3
2-1 1-4 2-4

4

1-3 1-2

2-3
117

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May 30,1989
q I m
I

Sheet 1 of 4
r n

4,835,763

.

0

N I

C

r---=r-

l

U

N l

3
k-

N

J

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May 30,1989

Sheet 2 of 4

4,835,763

L

L

a

=m

I

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May 30,1989

Sheet 3 of 4

4,835,763

FIG. 3
RING A (MASTER)

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FIG. 4
RING A [MASTER)

517-1
I

517519"

I

RING B (MASTER)

1

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following a fault, my invention ceases functioning as a ring if the ring is broken. However, as previously discussed, communications among the nodes is maintained FIELD OF THE INVENTION following such a break. I therefore term my network a The invention relates generally to a communications 5 hybrid ring, since it normally operates as a ring, but does not operate as a ring following a break in the ring network. Specifically, it relates to a self-healing ring or the loss of a node. network. SURVIVABLE RING NETWORK BACKGROUND OF T H E INVENTION A ring communications network is made up of nodes that are connected in tandem by a unidirectional communications path. Each node receives transmissions from the adjacent upstream node, and if the communication is destined for a downstream node, the communication is re-transmitted to the adjacent downstream node. Otherwise, each node transmits its own comniunications to the adjacent downstream node. A drawback of such a network is that a break in the ring would prevent any node upstream of the break from communicating with any node downstream of the break. Similarly, the complete failure of a node would have the same effect as a break in the ring. Many designs have been proposed to minimize these difficulties. The most common approach is to provide a second communications ring parallel to the first. In that case, a fault in one ring could be bypassed by transferring communications to the second ring. Alternatively, if the second ring transmitted in the opposite direction as the first, a break in both rings between two adjacent nodes could be remedied by the nodes on either side of the break looping back communications received on one ring onto the other ring. Such a system is described in McNeilly et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,652,798. The main problem with such approaches is that the equipment required to detect and locate a fault, and then appropriately reconnect transmitters and receivers with the alternate ring, is complicated and costly. BRIEF DESCRIPTION O F T H E DRAWING
10

FIG. 1 is a diagram of the hybrid ring network; FIG. 2 is a diagram of the hybrid ring network with

a break in both rings; FIG. 3 is a diagram of a portion of a master/slave arrangement of two hybrid ring networks; and l5 FIG. 4 is a diagram of a portion of a mastedmaster arrangement of two hybrid ring networks. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An illustrative embodiment of my invention is de2o picted in FIG. l. In discussing FIG. l, it is helpful to

have the background provided by the reference entitled "Draft of Amercian National Standard for Telecommunications Digital Hierarchy Optical Interface Rates and Formats Specifications" dated Dec. 11, 1987 as trans25 mitted to the Secretariat of the Excharge Carriers Standards Association, TI Committee-Telecommunications. This reference is incorporated herein by reference. My invention is an improvement to the basic communica30 tion methodology -discussed in this reference. Node 1 comprises controllers 117 and 118 and selectors 119-121. Controller 117 is connected with ring 101, which carries signals in a clockwise direction, and controller 118 is connected with ring 100, which carries 35 signals in a counterclockwise direction. Illustratively, the signals on each ring comprise six subrate channels, each of which is dedicated to communications between a preselected pair of basically identical nodes. Each SUMMARY O F THE INVENTION node feeds three subrate receivers (not shown), which These and other difficulties are alleviated by my in- 40 in the CaSe of node 1 have lines 104,107and 110,respecvention. A subrate multiplexed signal is utilized for ring tively~as input. The carrying communications between communications. Each node has the capability of demultiplexing the main signal into its constituent subrates nodes and be extracted from ring lol by (channels), and channels destined for that node (local controller 117 (by demultiplefing the signal on ring channels) are sent to receiving equipment within the 45 1 1 , and Sent to Selector 119 Over line 102. Controller 0) node, while channels destined for downstream nodes extract the associated Channel off ring 100 (through channels) are multiplexed with originating and send it to selector 119 over line 103.Selector 119 local channels, and the resultant high level signal is would select one O the signals arriving on lines 102 and f transmitted to the adjacent downstream node. This 103,based on the presence or absence of an error signal process is simultaneously performed using identical 50 on either line. The selected signal would be sent to the equipment in the node for a second ring transmitting in receiver over line 104.A transmitter (not shown) would the opposite direction. If a node detects a fault in an transmit two identical signals destined for node 2,one to incoming line, an error signal is placed on all of the controller 117 and one to controller 118,for reinsertion channels following the demultiplexing. The receiving into the respective loops. equipment in each node includes a selector which moni- 55 Channels associated with communications between tors the communications arriving on each local channel nodes 3 and 1,and between nodes 4 and 1,would operfrom both rings. If an error signal is detected on a local ate in a similar manner utilizing selectors 120 and 121, channel, the selector selects the communication from respectively. Controllers 117 and 118 then multiplex the the associated channel of the other ring to send to the three channels originating from node 1 with the three receiver. 60 through channels, and transmit the resultant higher In this way, a break in both rings between two adjalevel signals on their associated loops (loop 101 toward cent nodes will not cause a failure in the system, and no node 4 and loop 100 toward node 2 In this way, each ) . complicated fault locating and switching equipment is node has two redundant communications paths to each required to continue service. Similarly, the complete of the other nodes, both paths being continuously acfailure of a node will not destroy communications 65 tive. among the remaining nodes. The simplicity and elegance of my invention becomes apparent when a break occurs in the rings, as shown in It should be noted that unlike prior survivable ring arrangements which maintain their ring characteristics FIG. 2 If rings 100 and 101 are broken between node 1 .

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and node 4, two simultaneous activities take place which will preserve communications paths among all of the nodes. Each node continuously monitors and evaluates the integrity of the multiplexed subrate signals arriving at the node. Illustratively, this could be accomplished by detecting the absence of a carrier signal in an analog signal environment, or the lack of any incoming signal in a digital environment. When node 1 recognizes major line fault 122 in ring 100, controller 118 inserts an error signal onto the six subrate channels. This could illustratively be accomplished by inserting a string of l's on each channel in a digital environment. Node 4 performs the identical activity by similarly placing an error signal on the six subrate channels of ring 101. After these two relatively simple procedures take place, the ring network otherwise operates normally. In node 1, selector 119 chooses line 102 because line 103 has an error signal on it (designated by dashed line 103). Similarly, selector 120 selects line 105 because h e 106 has an error signal, and selector 121 selects line 108 because line 109 contains an error signal. The three through channels on ring 100 that contain error signals are then multiplexed with the three local channels that now have valid data originating from node 1 and the higher level signal is transmitted to node 2 over ring

pre-selected subrate channel from ring 402 to selector 407 over line 418. Selector 407 chooses a non-error signal line for insertion onto slave rings 403 and 404 via line 419. In this way, any one break in the master rings 5 401 and 402 will not prevent a valid subrate channel from being inserted onto slave ring 403. Controllers 409 and 410 insert and extract communications on rings 403 and 404, respectively, and selector 408 chooses a non-error signaled input. If, illustratively, 10 break 422 occurs on rings 403 and 404, controllers 412 and 410 will insert error signals on associated subrate paths, and controllers 409,413,414 and 415 would operate as if no break occurred. Selectors 408, 411 and 416 would select inputs that do not contain error signals. It 15 should be readily apparent that a two-ring break in either the master ring or the slave ring would not result in the loss of communications between any two nodes. However, simultaneous breaks in both the master and slave rings would result in selected communications 20 losses. FIG. 4 depicts two interrelated rings that can withstand simultaneous breaks in both rings without 1oss.of communications between any two nodes, by employing a master-master relationship. Instead of one gateway 25 node connecting the two rings, one node on each master ring is connected by link 519. Controllers 505 and 506 send a subrate communications channel to selector 507, 100. and controllers 509 and 510 send a subrate communicaBecause the higher level signal arriving at node 2 on tions channel to selector 508. If there is a break in ring ring 100 appears normal, controller 148 demultiplexes the higher level signal into its six subrate channels, three 30 A, selector 507 will select the non-error signal communication from line 513 or line 514 and transmit to ring B of which terminate at node 2. The first local channel via line 517, and similarly, if there is a break in ring B, contains communications from node 3 to node 2. An selector 508 will select the non-error signal communicaerror signal was generated on this channel at node 1 . tion from line 521 or 522 and transmit to ring A via line Controller 148 sends this error signal to selector 149 via line 133. Selector 149 therefore selects line 132 from 35 518. It should be readily apparent that simultaneous breaks in both ring A and ring B will not result in the controller 147, containing traffic from node 3 to node 2 loss of communications between any two nodes. over ring 101, which is not affected by break 122. My invention will work regardless of whether the Similarly, selector 150 recognizes the error signal on ring networks are copper or fiber, and regardless of line 136 and selects line 135. Selector 151 receives communications from node 1 over line 139 from ring 100 40 what higher rates and subrates are utilized. The dual ring embodiment depicted on FIG. 3 is most benefiand receives an error signal over line 138 from ring 101. cially suited to multiple levels of subrating. For inTherefor, selector 151 would select line 139. stance, in FIG. 3, if ring A carried a signal which could Communications from node 1 to node 3 and from be demultiplexed into two subchannels by controllers node 1to node 4 are multiplexed from lines 144 and 146 by controller 148. Communications from node 4 to node 45 405 and 406, one subchannel could be sent to ring B by selector 407. Controllers 409410 and 412415 on ring B 3-are also multiplexed from line 145 by controller 148, thereby passing along the error signal contained therein would then further demultiplex the subchannel for comto node 3 over ring 100. munications terminating at nodes on ring B. Each node operates in the above manner to insure Those ordinarily skilled in the art could make obvicontinuity of communications among the nodes follow- 50 ous modifications to my invention without departing from its scope. ing a ring failure; or, as in the case of break 122, a multiple ring failure between two adjacent nodes. If a node What is claimed is: fails, the same process will maintain communications 1 In a communications network having a plurality of . nodes interconnected in a ring configuration by a first among the remaining nodes. It should be readily apparent that other techniques 55 ring which conveys multiplexed subrate communicacould be employed without departing from the scope of tions around the first ring from node to node in one my invention, such as designating the destination node direction and a scond ring which conveys multiplexed within each message, and having each node read the subrate communications around the second ring from destination of each message passing through the node, node to node in the other direction, each node including and selecting messages destined for itself. 60 subrate transmitters with associated multiplexers and FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of my invention demultiplexers with associated subrate receivers, an wherein two ring sets are joined in a dual-ring configuimproved node comprising monitoring means, associated with the first ring and ration at a common node (gateway node). Ring arrangement A is designated the master ring and ring arrangethe second ring, for evaluating the integrity of the ment B is designated the slave ring. Controller 405 of 65 multiplexed subrate communications on the first the gateway node extracts a pre-selected subrate chanring and the second ring, respectively, and insertion means, associated with the demultiplexers nel off ring 401 and sends the extracted channel to selector 407 over line 417. Controller 406 sends a similarly and said monitoring means, for inserting an error

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each node comprises signal on designated ones of the subrate communimonitoring means, associated with the ring arcations in response to said monitoring means derangement connected to said each node, for evaltecting a lack of integrity on the multiplexed suuating the integrity of the multiplexed subrate brate communications on the first ring or the seccommunications on said associated ring arrangeond ring or both the first ring and the second ring. 5 ment, 2. In the communications network of claim 1, the insertion means, associated with its demultiplexers improved node further comprising selector means assoand its monitoring means, for inserting an error ciated with the demultiplexers for selecting, in response signal on designated ones of said subrate commuto the detection of said error signal on one of the subrate nications in response to said monitoring means communications, another of the subrate communica- 10 detecting a lack of integrity on said multiplexed tions that does not contain said error signal. subrate communications on its said associated 3. In the communications network of claim 1, the ring arrangement, and improved node wherein the multiplexers multiplex seselector means, associated with its demultiplexers, lected subrate communications containing said error for selecting, in response to the detection of said signal into a multiplexed subrate communication for l5 error signal on a subrate communication, a sutransmission onto the first ring or the second ring or brate communication that does not contain an both in correspondence to said detection of said error error signal, and signal. wherein a preselected node of the first ring arrange4. A communications network having a plurality of 20 ment comprises; nodes interconnected in a ring configuration by a first means, connected to the first ring arrangement and ring which conveys multiplexed subrate communicathe second ring arrangement, for directing at least tions around the first ring from node to node in one one subrate communication to the second ring direction and a second ring which conveys multiplexed arrangement and corresponding subrate communisubrate communications around the second ring from 25 cations from the second ring arrangement for mulnode to node in the other direction, each of said nodes tiplexing onto multiplexed subrate communications including subrate transmitters and subrate receivers and on the first ring arrangement. further comprising: 6. The network of claim 5 monitoring means, associated with the first ring and communication directed to the wherein said the second ring, for evaluating the integrity of the 30 second ring arrangement is received by a presemultiplexed subrate communications on the associlected node of the second ring arrangement for ated first ring and the associated second ring, remultiplexing into multiplexed subrate communicaspectively, tions around the second ring arrangement, means for d e m d t i p l e h g the multiplexed subrate and wherein the subrate communications directed to communications on the associated first ring and the 35 the first ring arrangement originates at said preseassociated second ring into subchannels wherein at lected node of the second ring arrangement. least one of said subchannels is Sent to one of the 7.In a communications network having a plurality of corresponding receivers, nodes interconnected in a ring configuration by a first insertion means associated with said demultiplexing ring which conveys multiplexed subrate communicameans to insert an error signal on each O said sub- 40 tiom wound the first ring from node to node in one f channels in response to said monitoring means direction and a second ring which conveys multiplexed subrate communications around the second ring from detecting a lack of integrity on the multiplexed subrate communications on the associated first ring node to node in the other direction, each node including or the associated second ring or both the associated subrate transmitters with associated multiplexers and first ring and the associated second ring, 45 demultiplexers with associated receivers, an improved selector means associated with said demultiplexing method associated with each node comprising the steps means for selecting, in response to the detection of of said error signal on one of the subchannels, one of evaluating the integrity of the multiplexed subrate the other subchannels, and communications on the first ring and the second multiplexing means for multiplexing subchannels and 50 ring with monitoring means associated with both inserting multiplexed subrate communications onto the first ring and the second ring, and the associated first ring and the associated seocnd inserting an error signal on designated ones of said ring, respectively. subrate communications in response to said moni5. A communications network having a first grouping toring means detecting a lack of integrity on said of nodes interconnected by a first ring arrangement, a 55 multiplexed communications on the first ring or the second grouping of nodes interconnected by a second second ring or both the first ring and the second ring arrangement, each ring arrangement conveying ring. multiplexed subrate communications in a first direction 8. The method as recited in claim 7 further comprisfrom node to node and conveying multiplexed subrate ing the step of selecting, in response to the detection of communications i a second direction from node to 60 said error signal on said at least one o the subrate comn f node, and each node includes subrate transmitters with munications, another of the subrate communications associated multiplexers and demultiplexers with associthat does not contain an error. * * * * * ated receivers, and wherein
65

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UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE

CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION
PATENTNO.
DATED
: 4,835,763
May 30, 1989 INVENTORB) : Chi-Leung La"

It iscatifid that enor appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent is hereby mrruted as shown belonr:

Column 4 , l i n e 5 7 , change "scond" t o --second--.
Column 5 , l i n e 5 2 , change "seocnd" to --second--.

Signed and Sealed this Eighth Day of September, 1992
Attest:
DOUGLAS

B. COMER

Attesting W c e r

Ming Com'ssionrr o Patents and W e m a n G r f

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EXHIBIT B

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'763 FH PG. 005

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EXHIBIT C

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EXHIBIT D

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EXHIBIT E

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An American National Standard
Acknowledged as An American National Standard
July

8, 1988

IEEE
Standard Dictionary

Electrical and Electronics
Terms

Fourth Edition

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Fourth Edition

IEEE
Standard Dictionary

Electrical and Electronics
Terms
Frank Jay
Editor in Chief

A. Goetz

Chairman Standards Coordinating Committee
on Definitions (SCC 10)
Membership

Ashcroft, D. L. Azbill , D. C. Ball , R. D. Balaska, T. A. Bauer , J. T. , Jr. BIasewitz , R. M. Boberg, R. M. Boulter, E. A. Frewin, L. F. Bucholz , W. Buckley, F. J. Cannon , J. B. Cantrell , R. W. Chartier , V. L.
Cherney, E. A.

Gel perin, D.

Radatz ,

J.

Guifridda ,

T. S.

Goldberg, A. A.

Graube, M. Griffin , C. H.

Heirman , D. N. Horch , J. W.
James, R. E.

Reymers , H. E. Roberts , D. E. Rosenthal , S. W. Rothenbukler, W. N. Sabath, J.
Shea, R. F.

Showers, R. M.
Skomal, E. N.

Karady, G. G.

Compton , O. R. Costrell , L. Davis , A. M. Denbrock , F. DiBIasio, R. Donnan , R. A. Duvall , L. M. Elliott , C. J. Erickson, C. J. Flick , C. Freeman , M.

Key, T. S. Kieburtz , R. B. Kincaid, M. R. Klein , R. J. Klopfenstein , A. Koepfinger , J. L. Lensner , W. Masiello, R. D. Meitzler , A. H.
Michael, D. T.

Michaels, E. J. Migliaro, H. W. Mikulecky, H. W.
Moore, H. R.

Smith , T. R. Smith , E. P. Smolin , M. Snyder , J. H. Spurgin , A. J. Stephenson , D. Stepniak , F. Stewart, R. G. Swinth , K. L. Tice, G. D. Turgel , R. S. Thomas , L. W. , Vance , E. E. Wagner , C. L.

Sr.

Mukhedir , D.
Muller, C. R.

Donnell, R. M.
Petersons, O.

Walter, F. J. Weinschel , B. O. Zitovsky, S. A.

Published by

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers , Inc New York , NY

.~.".,

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Library of Congress Catalog Number 88ISBN: 1- 55937- 000~ Copyright 1988

082198

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

SH

12070

November 3, 1988

, ""~Ii. """,',;:::;t,!",.

L"J,i";(lin!8' i:i,:

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multiple-unit electric locomotive

605

multipole fuse

multiple-unit electric locomotive. A locomotive composed of two or more multiple-unit electric motivepower units connected for simultaneous operation of
all such units from a single control station. Note:

(2) (multiplier type of valve or tube) (thermionics).

prefix diesel-electric , turbine-electric, etcetera, may
replace the word electric. See:

electric locomotive. 328

multiple-unit electric motive- power

unit. An electric

The ratio of the output current to the primary emission See: electron emission. 244 , 190 current. multiplicative array antenna system. A signal- processing antenna system consisting of two or more receiving antennas and circuitry in which the effective angular response of the output of the system is related to the product of the radiation patterns of the separate

motive- power unit arranged either for independent
operation or for simultaneous operation with other

similar units (when connected to form a single loco-

A prefix motive) from a single control station. diesel-electric, gas-electric, turbine-electric, etcetera, See: electric locomomay replace the word electric.
Note:

multiple-unit electric train. A train composed of multielectric motor car. See: ple-unit electric cars.
328
See: multiple tube (or valve). multiplex (communication) (data transmission). To interleave or simultaneously transmit two or more multiple-unit tube.

tive.

multiplier (1) (general). A device that has two or more

antennas.

III

inputs and whose output is a representation of the product of the quantities represented by the input
210

signals.
factor. See: tiplier. See:

328

(2) (analog computers). In an analog computer, a device capable of multiplying one variable by another.

constant multiplier; normallin(3) (linearity). See: earity; servo multiplier. multiplier, constant (computing systems). A computing element that multiplies a variable by a constant
multiplier, electronic. An all-electronic device capable ExamNote: of forming the product of two variables. ples are a time- division multiplier, a square- law multiplier, an amplitude-modulation- frequency-modulation (AM- FM) multiplier , and a triangular-wave mul-

messages on a single channel.
multiplexer (supervisory control, data acquisition, and automatic control). (1) A device that allows the interleaving of two or more signals to a single line or termi-

(linearity).

electronic analog computer; multiplier
9, 10

nal. (2) A device for selecting one of a number of inputs and switching its information to the output.
570

electronic analog computer.

multiplexing (modulation systems) (data transmission). The combining of two or more signals into a
single wave (the multiplex wave) from which the sig-

multiplier, four-

nals can be individually recovered.

multiplier, one- quadrant. A multiplier in which operation is restricted to a single sign of both input variables. See:

of both of the input variables.

quadrant (analog computer). A multiplier in which operation is unrestricted as to the sign

multiplex lap winding (rotating machinery). A lap winding in which the number of parallel circuits is
equal to a multiple of the number of poles. multiplexor (hybrid computer linkage components).

electronic analog computer.
amplifier; photocathode. 125 ,

multiplier phototube. A phototube with one or more
dynodes between its photocathode and output electrode. See:

An electronic multi position switch under the control

117

of a digital computer, generally used in conjunction with an analog-to- digital converter (ADC), that allows for the selection of anyone of a number of analog
signals (up to the maximum capacity of the multiplexor), as the input to the ADC. A device that allows the interleaving of two or more signals to a single line or

multiplier potentiometer (analog computers). Any of the ganged potentiometers of a servo multiplier that permit the multiplication of one variable by a second
multiplier section, electron (electron tubes).

multiplex printing telegraphy. That form of printing
telegraphy in which a line circuit is employed to transmit in turn one character (or one or more pulses of a character) for each of two or more independent channels. See: frequency- division multiplexing; time- divi-

terminus.
wave.

variable.
See:

elec-

tron multiplier.

multiplier servo. An electromechanical multiplier in which one variable is used to. position one or more
ganged potentiometers across which the other variable See: electronic analog computer; voltages are applied.

multiplier (linearity).
only. See:

9, 10

sion multiplexing; telegraphy. 328

multiplier, two-quadrant. A multiplier in which operation is restricted to a !lingle sign of one input variable

multiplex radio transmission. The simultaneous transmission of two or more signals using a common carrier
multiplex wave winding (rotating machinery). A wave

electronic analog computer. 9,

10

winding in which the number of parallel circuits is equal to a multiple of two, whatever the number of
163

multiplication factor (k)(I)(power operations). A
measure of the change in the neutron population in a reactor core from one generation to the subsequent See: effective multiplication factor; infigeneration.

roles.
See:

radio transmission. 111

multiplying- digital- to-analog converter (MDAC) (hySee: digital- tobrid computer linkage components). analog multiplier (DAM). multipoint circuit (data transmission). A circuit inter-

connecting several stations.
multipoint connection (data communication). A con-

figuration in which more than two stations are connected to a shared communications channel.
multipole fuse (1) (power switchgear). See:

pole (pole

unit) (of a switching device or fuse) Second note.
103

nite multiplication factor.

516

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