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EXHIBIT B

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EXHIBIT C

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FILE WRAPPER FOR U.S. PATENT
NO:

5,280,371
JANUARY 18. 1994 RICHARD I. MCCARTNEY, JR DANIEL D. SYROID KAREN E. JACHIMOWICZ 0719 11.547

ISSUE DATE: INVENTORS.

SERIAL NO:

FILING DATE:
TITLE:

J U L Y 9, 1992
DIRECTIONAL DIFFUSER FOR A LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

REFERENCES CITED - SEE PAPERS # 3 , 5

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OAOUP A U T VNI

I

;c*FOREIGI\I/PCT 6 p P L I c f i ~ N S : l : : ~ : V W k IO

a::(- 1:1:3

VERIFIEC?
/
/'

STATE O R SHEETS C O U N T R V ORWOS.

TOTAL CLAIMS

INOEP. CUIMS

F I U N O FEE RECEIVED

ATTORNEY'S DOCKNO.

1
L)ALE

$6'313. Oi.

fi6213.431

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US, DUT.
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.

CLAIMS ALLOWED

HUY M A
DRAWINQ

2

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US. PATENT APPLICATION
4

FILING DATE

CLASS

G -

ART UNIT

07/9 11 ,547

07/09/92

359
AZ; DANIEL D. SYROID,

2504

R I C H A R D I . HC CARTNEY J R . , SCOTTSDALE, KAREN E . J A C H I H O Y I C Z . GOODYEAR. A Z .

GLENDALE,

AZ;

O R COUNTRY

SHEETS DRAWING

TOTAL CLAIMS

1-rn

A

T

T NO.

~

CLAIMS

RECEIVED

AZ

12

9

I

S

690.00

A6213491

S

DALE E . J E P S E N H O N t Y Y t L i INC. 2 I , I I l N . l g T H AVENUE. P H O E N I X , AZ 8 5 0 2 7

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+ "

D I R E C T I O N A L D I F F U S E R FOR A L I Q U I D CRYSTAL D I S P L A Y

I

T h i s I s t o c e r t l f y t h a t annexed h e r e t o I s a t r u e copy f r o m t h e r e c o r d s o f t h a U n l t e d S t a t e s P a t e n t and Trademark O f f l c e o f t h e a p p l l c a t l o n a s f l l e d w h t c h I s I d s n t l f l a d above.

By authority o f t h e
COMMISSIOHER OF PATEMTS AND TRADEMARKS Data Ccrtlfylng Offlcer

I

3

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APPROVED FOR LICENSE

1
Entered

INITIALS

' or
Counted

CONTENTS
1. Appllcetion

ho Xh

papers.

w

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United States Patent
McCartnev. Jr. et d.
CRYSTAL DISPLAY

US005280371A
1191 1111
1451

Patent Number: Date of Patent:

5,280,371

Jnn. 18. 1994

1541 DlRECI1ONAL DIITUSER FOR A LIQUID 1751 Inventon: Rlcbud I. McCumry, Jr, Scondrle; Drnlcl D. S p ~ l d , Oleodd+ h a E JrehLaorlq Ooodyur,dl of Ariz.

FOREION PATENT DOCUMENTS

OTHER PUBUCATIONS IBM Gorp., " P O W brckligbt for Liquid cryatd dbphy". IBM Tshniul Dirlonvc Bull& vol. 33. No. IB. Jwl. 1990. pp. 143-144.

[21] Appl. No.: 911,547

[U] Fiied:

JmL 9,1992
A display rppurhu including a light WIXCC, r liquid c r p t d pmcl, lad one or more directionrl diffiurr Icn, m a y 8 d h w d therektwetn provide, 1c r i l d vm+tioo of luminance with viewing mgle, r unifonn vrrirtion of luminance wirh viewing angle wifhin r ftR prednermined range of viewing mgla lad r mwvrtion of light energy within a -d predetermined nngc of vicwiog l a g l a .

U.S. PATEKT DOCUMEKfS

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LUMINANCE-

1

I

I

Fig. 3

-10

0

10 20 50 VERTICAL MEW ANGLE-DECREES

40

5 C

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VERTlCAL MEW ANGLE

Fig. 4A

8,- MEW

HORIZONTAL
ANGLE

Fia. 48

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8"-MEW

VERTlCAL

ANGLE

Fig. 10

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DIILEC~ONAL D ~ S E FOR A LIQUID R

CRYSIAL D E P U Y
BACKOROUND OF THE INVENTION Thir invention r d r t a i ~ n r e to tht pmd liquid n d
5

mum md the liquid cyrtll m y for providhg r uilored vubtion of IumtnrnCC from the liquid cr)mrl dirphy u r function of v d d &wing ~ g l c

BRIEF' DESClUlTION OF THE DRAWNOS 'fbe above mentioned md 0th- f u w md objeetl of the pracnt inveation md the mm of radoing ua cryltrl dicplry, md, more puticddy, t r liquid cry* o t display (LCD) v b g r duectid difltucr to prod h them will kcome more apparent md the invmtion vide r tailored varhdon of luminance with v i d g Itself will k b a t ondanood by reference to the fotlowlo lng description of rlternrdve embodimma ofthe invmm Je. Tbtre u e ccmmatLlly rvdable liquid cyll.l d h tion uto in mjmction with the .ccomplayb d n w plryl for ore I vdoua rppliution* including for u- inp, w n h: ample aircnft cockpit &playa. However, r typicrl FIO. 1 t m uploded view of r typical prior ui churcteristic of the Uqdd c r y l d pyel tued tberda ia hclrlit Liquid nyrtll Ugold la m a . 2 L m uploded ~ L W the ~ v i yrul dm wide vuirtion of the upht hurnnurlon of of d cryrd pmd with viewing male. a p s u l y the v e d u l play of the p t invendon, bhl c i r h d dsviewing angle. llh raulu in p y d e rnon lad 1 ofhute m n with v i e w h .ntlc- That fr to MY, the FIO. 3 ~ u 1 - w a typid prior LCD mylevel brightnnr of c e d U c u of the displry whm viewed the v-don of lwsc with verriat m d a rbove or blow r vertical viewing mgle nor- m ul mgle; md to the divlry rurf=c. -Y rubuntidy du-t md 4B show dde md top tiun the brightnnr of t h w uar when viewed rt m mgle to 7hi, vlrirtion of views o f 1 m i d -bly iocluding the len, m y of the pruent invation; brightnar or luminance with viewing mgle is geneidly FIO. 5 iUuaurh the variation of luminrsce with unda~rbleand putinJuly m d h b l e in viewing mgle- for l uCht wurc+ md where the inforuution king diilryed on the liquid wurce with l dn81e lean my; crysul displry ia critical to m opention such u controlFXO. 6 i l l u t n t a the path of vuioua tight nyc when ling or navigating m lirmft. ' m g the 1 at &our mgla; In rddition, r typiul dinuser oacd to provide r tight source for brclrlighling 1 typicd liquid cryru) display 30 NO.7 ir 1 CrcN d o n r l v i m of 1pnfvrcd embodiment of the p t invention with two lea, m y # ; o r d l n d y provides 1mt lumio.nce wt viewing ih FIG. 8 iUuatrrtn the variation of lumirunoc with angle md herefore provider the ume mount ofenagy viewin5 mgle for the dud lens m y codguntion; for my given viewing m 3 e of h e diplry. In certain FIG. 9 illutrrtn the vuiadon of luminance with rpplicrtionr, mch u for eumple m &craft cockpit, the typiclt vcrticd viewing mgle i fued within r rdrtivdy 35 viewing mgle for r triple lens uny conftgurrtion; nurow rmge and it would therefore be dairrble to FIO. 10 ia r cross setiond v i m of r c o d i w t i o n Concentrate 1 higher percenmge of the energy from utilizing 1(n'mpulu h p d l a m y ; the light m w a within 1 prrticulu nnge of R O . 11 Ulurtrata the vubtion of lumlnma 4 t h angles. 4ewing mgle ror tbe trimpukr duped Jau m y ; md It would therefore k d k b l e to provide r direc- *o no. fi shows the m d u roution of the lens dona1 diT1u1cr for U l C with 1 liquid q l u ) diaplly to raidwith r a p t to the LCD mtrk m y to provide 1tailored vuirtion of luminlnct with viewing ,,ire mglc while rlro providing 1concentration of the light DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED energy from the light wurce within 1 predetumlaed rmge of viewing m d n . 45 EMBODIMENT Referring now to FIG. 1 chue u lhown r crow ucSUMMURY OF THE INVENTION tion of 1typiul prior ui liquid cryrtd dkplly appurtur It is therefore m objat of the praent invention to indoding brckljgh~m y U comprkirrg kmp 10. nu provide r d i r s t i o d difhcf clement for r Uquid c r p rdlecting rurfux IS md lmkrtLn dimua 20. The t.l &play to provide r tailored variation of l u m i ~ a c e backlight u n y pmvida r aoura of Ught which bwith viewing an&. plnga on liquld crystal pmel 30 mmprLed of r number It b r further object of the prewnt invention t p m o of individorl liquid crystal d l m n which ut dmc eb c vide r liqdd crylul dbplry having len v d t i o n of nrrely energized in order to form r daired p r n m or intermediate gny-level lumiruace with viewing mJe. Lmrge for viewing from tbe front of the liquid w y d It u d further m objat of the present Invention to *by. provide r Uquld cryxd dhplry combining the above While thia typical prior u liqdd c yd prnel m y i rl f u t u r a to provide r higher concenvltioa of Ught mbe rdeqmte for certain rppUutioar where the n o d ern, md therefore i n c r u d luminance, within 1puviewing mgIe b more or I m rt m mple normal t the o ticdu range of viewtag m g l a thereby providing r display surface, lhir dirplry b not optimum for rppLiclmore eficimt rue of Ught magy rvdrble from r light tions wherein the typiul viewing mgle is 0th- rhrn at Wurcc m angle normal to the dirplry turf-. Tbh prior m The fore#oing and orba objecb u e achieved in the display uhibiu r relatively wide vultioa of light praent lnventlon wherein there i provided r liquid uan8misdon with viewing angle, apecirliy the v m j u l crylul display rppurtuc oompriclng r light m a . r viewing mglt. As illustrated in FIO. 3 thia vrrirdoa liquid crylul plrnu rnry of pixels for cruting m dm changes with the level of luminrtioa for v u i o u Image by controlling the amount of light allowed to gray-levels or intermediate intauitia for r dven dLp r through u c h of the pixels, md one or more d k ~ tiond diffuser Im, m y : dirpored between che light play.

-

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~u un k urn in the curva of RO.3, the lumiacmcc

emitted from the lower py-levels of the LCD ryrtcm &cruses sg i i n y i nYu U With incrudng vcniul viewing mgle. Thir vuirtion pracnU m undainbly luge lumima lacruse with angle when the inf-don being 9 p-td h low-levd -1 b f o m r i o a 8Pch U lor rvionia rppliadmu iDClpdiDg wuther ndu or rrtitnde diicctor indicrtor ptocnutions. AI r pilot viewing the dbplry mova hic ~crricll pnpectlve, of bL viewing mgle, hi@uabove r normd m d e the 10 dirplry Orrfa v d u l viewing m Ja), he obravo r low l u m i a ~ c field increase d ~ U i t l h luminm# c y thereby musing c~nfudon inrrrpfet.tion of critid in dupky inforuution. In addition, tbc L m b r h n di~Twrof tbc y p i d 15 prior an dhplry, elanent 20 of FIG. 1, p v i d a for 1 nurly e q d lrrmtvnce in d l mgulu viewins dime. &as. In m a t appliatiuna r IK). W d of view in both horironrl and vertlul dirationa L not rapid. It would tbaefore be more energy efident Ur rubstantid 20 porUon of the light energy a u l d bc redirectad w u w k mnccntrrted i tbe viewkg andtr of h a t for r e prniculu rppliadon The rppurtu, of the pracnt invention mcluda the backlight w r y and liquid c r p d of the prior ui a9 15 down In FIO. 1 with the addition of a 1 l n r y 40 h n e d between tbe kmkrriu, difhuer 20 of the prim ur md liquid cryrtJ dhpky panel 30. u h o w in FXQ. 1 It w u found that by inrerting r d u e n i d d i i w . consi~tingof r cylia&ul Inu l n r y 40 khveen the 30 Imkrcirn diiuxr md the liquid crystrl pan4 that both of the daired e f f a u w d d k uromplirha!. T b t k, the ovaall li@t enerfy is conccotntd wilhin r d d e d of viewing m g l a md the v.rttion of l u m i n ~ c c with viewing mgle u uilord to oRet that which 1s 35 obuincd through the liquid cryrtrl &play done. For example, FIO. S illwtrrta thrt with the invnion of lau u n y 40 u &own in FIGS. 4A and 49. the ovenll lumiarncc b u herrued rpprolimrtely 10 pera t within r m g e from -2(r to +20. viewing mgle 40 md the desired d a m in luminance witb i n n w d vertical viewing angle L o b u i a d ktween rppmximtlly + 10' md 3 ' of v& S vkwing angle. Curve 110 of RO.I illpttrrtn the variation of lumiruncr with vie-g mgle for the Iunbcdm light m x c e only, in 43 both the borizontd md vertiul mgln while curva 110 and 130 rapcctively rrprewnt r variation of luminrncc with veniul md horitmtd viewing m g l o for the hacklight including 1 m y 10. n e & which m o l u from tbe inration of the 50 & cyliadricrl kn, u n y L explrknd by r e f n t ~ c e RO. to 6 wbcrdn there src shown light n y r from tbc hkrh(having uniform luminance with mJe) w w d x ~UUY (mpinfig on tbe lens u n y from vrriow m g l a An air p p must k pracnt at tbe intulrcc of the b55 bedm diITwr and the Irm w r y . Tbe normal4 pne m t lorn per s r uf due lo fraud reflcctiom u not iacumd,blue the surface reflsriom uc returned to the di md r c f l d Y& iw n o w n y r that ur normal a thc mum diffuser but d0 I s r lhra the aiticrl .ntIe within tbe l a u n y u e puvd through the l a u m y mrtehtly u n o m t c d . except for r rmJl amount of surface reflection. h p whieh roter at oblique m g l a md u e w t e r (hm the d t i u l mgle of the Im, u n y nndeqo t o d lntand 63 nneaion rt the inside of the lens muface u illumted by n y vrcing 70. Tbev rry, Ire reflected witb no IOU due to the totrl internal rdection erect m u d the lclu

+

puiphay. They exit the r e u of che I m y md retrun to tbe mwcc diffwa w h m tbey r wco n d l y dilluse rdlation fom the coumr difura. However, beawe tbe rourcr dimucr b not totally r d k d n . w e of rbc remrncd np u e enmmhd Uur~~gh dIITtbe and .rr rbca r l c r k m ch dald W g h t enelam aurfaec 15 of RO.4A. SOW frudon of tbac n y l arc mflectsd intrrrully t u i t h e o dllhtla lyin. Tbae reflected n y l r y i n have r L m r r kttn dimiiution rt the surface ofkmkni.n d i k 20. It fi rppucat from this btcmcth between tbe kar . m y a d the W i g h t that np which imp* dew to the a d tend to be intcndhcd while tbow ny which 9pinge at oblique m g l s undergo t t l h d rrllaoa hon and u e rrhu#d to tbe dllhuer md diml.Wcd lomewhrt from tht strthtiul pnxac. However, the roll off or v.rltiaa with vcrtiul view. fng angle for chk h g l e directioaJ d m qbdriul 1cn1 u n y w u not sufidmt to o l M the efTcctc of the UquM cryrtd di~pky. Lhcre vat d *ad t moire p~ttcra~ d by the iatcrferc~ccbenvsm tbe leas u urry md lhe d'irpky panel wherrin the 1 m y mnb e d 142 1 per inch rod rbe display p e l n & u hd r rprtid f q u m c y molutiaa of 172 dou or pixels pa inch. For the daired rpacific implemelrtion it w u dbwvacd that the d v c n c iotaadon producing moire p.rumr muld k eliminrld by including r d lcnr u n y with r difbrnt number of lenrer p e inch The combination of the dud -I iocrrued the dcrired reduction in lumifuncc with iDcturcd viewing mgle, rad io addition r e d u d or elimio.ted the moire p tc rt m witb the election of m appropriate pit& or number of lenra pr inch, for the two kara in quati-. h illutnred in Fl0.7,onc of the l a unp 4 1 w u vleaod rn b v e r relatively couw pi(ch with rapex to that of the Uquid cryrtd dirplay md tbe U knr u n y 44 w u v l a t c d to have 1relatively f w pitch with rerpca t tlut of liquM cryltJ dirpky. RO. 8 Ulu. o trr(r. rglin the rehtivcly lbt mponreof lbc l u n b u t i ~ wwce diffulc~ done curve 110, md the i n a u w d roll off with v d o l viewing m Je of curve US u well u the conapoodig vuLtion of luminrncr with borimrul viewrhrg mgle u illwtntad by m e 133 for the dud Inu u n y of RO.8. In g m d it w u direovered b t tbe ddition of d d i t i o d I a u may, a d r sleeps or more rapid v.rl. tion of tbe c h g e in l u m i n ~ c e with v d o l viewing M J ~ , which W u dainble, but UK canapuadisr chrnge in l u m i n ~ c e with v u h h in barironrl viewing m d c d m beume tlseper, which w u noc dainble for tbe @ c d u r p p U d o n in quadon. For the p n i c . d u rppliulion in quation tbe p d d embodiment taeludod two lcnr urryl i reria which pmvidc4 the n krt tradeoff of dacrare in hainha with w i r d o n or v e d u l viewing mJe, white not d v o v l y .tT&g the variation in luminrnoc with h v i e - h g m. gk In dditios dnce moue drsu rrnrlt wbcn both of tbe l e n ~ r y , b v e the ume ptLI frequency, tbe w u n y 42 uhould have 1canc raolarion or low frequency while the front Irac m y U &odd have r rme raoluclon or high spatid frequency. Tbe Irm u . ray, and the p ~ e8lp r U b e q ~ e i la u l d be elected o to avoid hte* multipla of the otba. Tlru the fma Ims m y abould k u high r q ~ r t h frequency u l prrcticrl and should k r on integral multiple of the puel frequency. According to tbne guidelina the fine

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5,280,371

6

We ckim: m y frequency b m a rpprcximrtdy 2 5 tima the display rprtid freqorncy m d the c w m y beo 1 A d b h y lppurhll comprliog: . qumcy rhould k rpproxiiartely the b e m y ffer ligbt m m , q u a c y divided by 3.5, 4.5. 5.5 or u ~gnirirtd a the f l Uquid crymt8l p m d mormred adjacent m n i d Btht 5 most convmimt fibdudon. mum for rrcdviag light from d d light 1 0 It w u Jlo dLcovercd that the muimum increue m md luminrnce w u ohl.ined tuing r uiaagulu Imr u n y h n t and vccnd l a u u n a c b having 1p l a d t y of n 0 hrvins m included Je of 9' u illurvrttd in FIG. 10. individual l d l * r , dtpovd b a n add h@t Thit corrfiguration d i e d m r vlrLtioo of l m u i ~ n c e m ~ m d u i d liquid crystal p e l for providing r m w t v&ul md h o w viewing m g l a which w u 10 ih pnd-@ wt(ion with viewing m & of quite steep u Uluab.rted by m a 160 m d 170 of NO. ligbt ummuulon from uid Ufbt m r w through 11.Orber lens m a y lbrpca m y k deltcted u dairrd to u i d Imc m y m d rrid liquid c r y d panel, o b h b the required mcmtntioa of IllmLunce m d wherein u i d liquid aynrl proel oompriwr r pluvariation of l u m h a a with vcrtiul m d b r i m d r d t y of pixels u ~ p in m w and colums, m d d 5 viewing mgJe for 1puticdu appliution. wherein the numbu of foprr of pix& per d t ~ v c though the rpdrl &cqumda of the d i r s t i o d n height, or pitch. of the Uquid c r y d p u ~ ei~ r hm l d i lens . m y m d LCD panel b v e been d e c t e d to iw d u e , the amber of W t per d l heigh~, e 8 or piuh, of u i d be grully dlRerent m d nun-iateler muldplq nome lenr * m y b 8 m n d value v i r d bmdiog eRccU or moire prnm e e u m y arill Rc which b lm thrn add k t d u e ; m d the number k rppumt to the viewer. T h i ~ apecirlly true at 20 i~ of l m l N pr unit hdght, or pitch, of u i d d off.uia viewing amditiotu. Thlr r a M d moire can k Imc u n y u r third value which b pats tbrn d d removed by rotating the h u n y 40 wt the nrpect ih lint vdue. to the LCD m y 3 , cr Ul-ted 0 In PIO. 12. T l h 2 A display r p p m h u lo M m c e with ckhn 1 . rotation or the lepr u m y by a few d e v m (Typically 1 wherein mid third value L r non-intcpnl mdtiple or to 16 degrees) from (be borizonul u i s u u m r d l Y d d rust vdue and is d m r non.intcgral multiple of vld vcond value. chrnge in the elTcctive spatid frequency difference of the two may1 md thereby eliminates the raidrul 3. A dkphy r p p u r h u comprlbg: moire. a light lource; In addition to the mgulu redistribution of the light a liquid a ' y ~ u pmel mounted djrcmt to u i d tight l from the directiod dUTwr, the lens m y d m pr* 30 wurce for receiving light t o m uid light w m , vidn m additional diITuting effecl, apecidIy for m y md fint m d s a x a d lent step vlrirtionr in Inmhmcc that are p d e l to (or rrch having r p l d t y of nurly p d e l to wirhin r few degrees) (be ul, of lhe individurl lmley dispoud b a w m u i d light lenr m y . Thi,allows the reduction of the thickoar or murcc m d u i d liquid cryatll panel for providing · o p t i d demity of the convmtiod dilluser while #till 35 predetermined vuiation w'th viewin8 mglc of uhieving tbe m e tyatun lumiruace uniformity m d Ugh1 lruumluion from uid light m u n e through muting o l underired spatid utifacu fmm the ligbt uid Imc u r r y , m d uid liquid crystal panel, m u m , but with higher l u m i c e at the outpul. wherein r t I a n one of said f i md s a m d 1 While t h m b v e k c n described above the priocipds l m y r ic rotrtcd about m uL prpendiculu to u i d of invention in conjunction with w a d sMc em- @ liquid cq%d pmel In order to provide r 111ght bodlmrnu, It u to be clurly undanood that t h e dedulignment bclwccn uid lauleu m d said liquld scripdon, u e made only by wry of example m d not u crystrl pmel. * . a * * r limitation to the m p e of the invention.
45

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 37 of 138

I

-FvsyFORA
L W D CRYSTAL DISPLAY ,
/

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates in general to flat panel liquid crystal displays and, more particularly, to a liquid crystal display (LCD) having a directional diffuser to provide a 'tailored variation of luminance with viewing angle. There are commercially available liquid crystal displays for use in various applications, including for example

aircraft cockpit displays. However, a typical characteristic of the liquid crystal panel used therein is a wide variation of the light transmission of the liquid crystal panel with viewing angle, especially the vertical viewing angle. This

results in gray-scale errors and of f-state errors with viewing angle. That is to say, the brightness of certain areas of the display when viewed at angles above or below a vertical viewing angle normal to the display surface, may be substantially different than the brightness of those areas when viewed at an angle normal to the display surface. This

variation of brightness or luminance with viewing angle is generally undesirable and particularly undesirable in those cases where the information being displayed on the liquid crystal display is critical to an operation such as controlling or navigating an aircraft.

Docket No. A6213491

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 38 of 138

In addition, a typical diffuser used to provide a light source for backlighting a typical liquid crystal display ordinarily provides a constant luminance with viewing angle and therefore provides the same amount of energy for any given viewing angle of the display. In certain applications, such

as for example an aircraft cockpit, the typical vertical viewing angle is fixed within a relatively narrow range and it would therefore be desirable to concentrate a higher percentange of the energy from the light source within a particular range of viewing angles. It would therefore be desirable to provide a directional diffuser for use with a liquid crystal display to provide a tailored variation of luminance with viewing angle while also providing a concentration of the light energy from the light source within a predetermined range of viewing angles.

Docket No. A6213491

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 39 of 138

S M M A R Y OF THE INVENTION U

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a directional diffuser element for a liquid crystal display to provide a tailored variation of luminance with viewing angle. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a liquid crystal display having less variation of intermediate gray-level luminance with viewing angle. It is still further an object of the present invention to provide a liquid crystal display combining the above features to provide a higher concentration of light energy, and therefore increased luminance, within a particular range of viewing anglee thereby providing a more efficient use of light energy available from a light source. The foregoing and other objects are achieved in the present invention wherein there is provided a liquid crystal display apparatus comprising a light source, a liquid crystal planar array of pixels for creating an image by controlling the amount of light allowed to pass through each of the pixels, and one or more directional diffuser lens arrays disposed between the light source and the liquid crystal array for providing a tailored variation of luminance from the liquid crystal display a s a function of vertical viewing angle.

22
Docket No.
A6213491

7 July 1992

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 40 of 138

DES-ION

OF T H E W I N S

The above mentioned and other features and objects of the present invention and the manner of attaining them will become more apparent and the invention itself will be best understood
by reference to the following description of alternative

embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

Figure 1 is an exploded view of a typical prior art backlit liquid crystal display:

Figure display of

2

is an exploded view of the liquid crystal invention, having a directional

the present

diffuser lens array;

Figure 3 illustrates a typical prior art LCD gray-level response showing the variation of luminance with vertical viewing angle:

Figures

4A

and

48

show cross sectional side and top views

of a typical assembly including the lens array of the present invention;

Figure 5 illustrates the variation of luminance with viewing angle for a light source alone and a light source combined with a single lens array; Docket No.
A6213491

23

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

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Page 41 of 138

Figure 6 illustrates the path of various light rays when striking the lens array at various angles:

Figure 7 is a cross sectional view

of a preferred

embodiment of the present invention with two lens arrays;

Figure 8 illustrates the variation of luminance with vievinq angle for the dual lens array configuration;

Figure 9 illustrates the variation of luminance with viewing angle for a triple lens array configuration;

Figure 10 is a cross sectional view of a configuration utilizing a triangular shaped lens array;

Figure 11 illustrates the variation of luminance with viewing angle for the triangular shaped lens array; and

Figure 12 shows the angular rotation of the lens array with respect to the LCD matrix array to eliminate residual moire effects.

24
Docket No.
A6213491

7 July 1992

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 42 of 138

DESCRIPTION OF A P r n E D- E

~eferringnow to Figure l there is shown a cross section of a typical prior art liquid crystal display apparatus including backlight array 25 comprising lamp 10, rear reflecting surface 15 and lambertian diffuser 20. The backlight

array provides a source of light which impinges on liquid crystal panel 30 comprised of a number of individual liquid crystal elements which are alternately energized in order to form a desired pattern or image for viewing from the front of the liquid crystal display. While this typical prior art liquid crystal panel may be adequate for certain applications where the normal viewing angle is more or less at an angle normal to the display surface, this display is not optimum for applications wherein the typical viewing angle is other than at an angle normal to the display surface. This prior art display exhibits a

relatively wide variation of light transmission with viewing angle, especially the vertical viewing angle. As illustrated in Figure 3 , this variation also changes with the level of lumination for various gray-levels or intermediate intensities for a given display. As can be seen in the curves of Figure 3, the luminance emitted from the lower gray-levels of the LCD system increases significantly with increasing vertical viewing angle.

This

variation presents an undesirably large luminance increase Docket
NO.

A6213491

6

7 July 1992

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 43 of 138

with angle when the information being presented is low-level luminance information, such as for avionics applications including weather presentations.
As

radar

or

attitude

director

indicator

a pilot viewing the display moves his

vertical perspective, or his viewing angle, higher above a normal angle to the display (larger vertical viewing angles), he observes a low luminance field increase significantly in luminance, thereby causing confusion in interpretation of critical display information. In addition, the lambertian diffuser of the typical prior art display, element 20 of Figure 1, provides for a nearly equal luminance in all angular viewing directions.
i"
1

In most

applications a 180" field of view in both horizonal and vertical directions is not required. It would therefore be

more energy efficient if a substantial portion of the light energy could be redirected so as to be concentrated in the viewing angles of interest for a particular application. The apparatus of the present invention includes the backlight array and liquid crystal of the prior art as shown in Figure 1 with the addition of a lens array 40 inserted between the lambertian diffuser 20 of the prior art and liquid crystal display panel 30, as shown in Figure 2. It was found

that by inserting a directional diffuser consisting of a cylindrical lens array 40 between the lambertian diffuser and the liquid crystal panel that both of the desired effects could be accomplished. That is, the overall light energy is Docket No. A6213491
7

7 July 1992

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

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Filed 03/24/2008

Page 44 of 138

concentrated within a desired range of viewing angles and the variation of luminance with viewing angle is tailored to offset that which is obtained through the liquid crystal display alone. For example, Figure 5 illustrates that with the insertion of lens array 4 0 as shown in Figures
4A

and 4B, the overall

luminance has increased approximately 20 percent within a
j
(
/'\

range from -20" to + 20° viewing angle and the desired decrease in luminance with increased vertical viewing angle is obtained

\I

between approximately +loo and

+35"

of vertical viewing angle.

Curve 110 of Figure 5 illustrates the variation of luminance with viewing angle for the lambertian light source only, in both the horizontal and vertical angles while curves 120 and
130 respectively represent a variation of luminance with

vertical and horizontal viewing angles for the backlight including lens array 40. The effect which results from the insertion of the cylindrical lens array is explained by reference to Figure 6 wherein there are shown light rays from the lambertian (having uniform luminance with angle) source diffuser impinging on the lens array from various angles. An air gap must be present at the interface of the lambertian diffuser and the lens array.

/"

The normal 4 percent loss per surface due to fresnel reflections is not incurred, because the surface reflections are returned to the diffuser and reflected again. Those rays that are normal to the source diffuser but Docket No. A6213491
8

7 July 1992

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

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Filed 03/24/2008

Page 45 of 138

less than the critical angle within the lens array are passed through the lens array materially unobstructed, except for a small amount of surface reflection. Rays which enter at

oblique angles and are greater than the critical angle of the lens array undergo total internal reflection at the inside of the lens surface as illustrated by ray tracing 70. These rays are reflected with no loss due to the total internal reflection effect around the lens periphery. They exit the rear of

the lens array and return to the source diffuser where they undergo a secondary diffuse reflection from the source

diffuser. However, because the source diffuser is not totally reflective, some of the returned rays are transmitted through the diffuser and are then reflected from the backlight enclosure surface 15 of Figure
4A.

Some fraction of these rays are These

reflected internally to exit the diffuser again.

reflected rays again have a lambertian distribution at the surface of lambertian diffuser 20. It is apparent from this

interaction between the lens array and the backlight that rays which impinge close to the normal tend to be intensified while those rays which impinge at oblique angles undergo total internal reflection and are returned to the diffuser and diminished somewhat from this statistical process. However, the roll off or variation with vertical viewing angle for this single directional diffuser cylindrical lens array was not sufficient to offset the effects of the Docket No. A6213491
9

7 July 1992

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 46 of 138

liquid crystal display, and there were significant moire patterns caused by the interference between the lens array and

/))
j )

the display panel wherein the lens array contained 142 lenses per inch and the display panel matrix had a spatial frequency resolution of 172 dots or pixels per inch. For the desired specific implementation it was discovered that the adverse interaction producing moire patterns could be eliminated by including a second lens array with a different number of lenses per inch. The combination of the dual lenses increased the desired reduction in luminance with increased viewing angle, and in addition reduced or eliminated the moire patterns with the selection of an appropriate pitch, or number of lenses per inch, for the two lenses in question. As illustrated in Figure 7, one of the lens arrays 42 was selected to have a relatively coarse pitch with respect to that of the liquid crystal display and the second lens array
44 was selected to have a relatively fine pitch with respect

to that of liquid crystal display. Figure 8 illustrates again the relatively flat response of the lambertian source diffuser alone curve 110, and the increased roll off with vertical viewing angle of curve 125 as well as the corresponding variation of luminance with horizonal viewing angle as illustrated by curve 135 for the dual lens array of Figure 8.

In general it was discovered that the addition of
additional lens arrays caused a steeper or more rapid varia-

Docket No.

A6213491

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 47 of 138

tion of the change in luminance with vertical viewing angle, which was desirable, but the corresponding change in luminance with variations in horizonal viewing angle also became

steeper, which was not desirable for the particular application in question. For the particular application in question

the preferred embodiment included two lens arrays in series which provided the best tradeoff of decrease in luminance with variation of vertical viewing angle, while not adversely affecting the variation in luminance with horizonal viewing angle. In addition, since moire effects result when both of the lens arrays have the same spatial frequency, the rear array 42 should have a coarse resolution or low spatial frequency while the front lens array 44 should have a fine resolution or high spatial frequency. The lens arrays and the panel spatial

frequencies should be selected to avoid integral multiples of the other. Thus the fine lens array should be as high a

spatial frequency as is practical and should be a non-integral multiple of the panel frequency.
1, 3

According to these guide-

lines the fine array frequency becomes approximately 2.5 times the display spatial frequency and the coarse array frequency should be approximately the fine array frequency divided by

p,

3.5, 4.5, 5.5 or as required for the most convenient fabrica-

tion. It was also discovered that the maximum

increase i n

luminance was obtained using a triangular lens array having an Docket No. A6213491
11

7 July 1992

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 48 of 138

/')

included angle of 90" as illustrated in ~ i g u r e 10.

his

configuration resulted in a variation of luminance with vertical and horizonal viewing angles which was quite steep as illustrated by curves 160 and 170 of Figure 11. Other lens

array shapes may be selected as desired to obtain the required concentration of luminance and variation of luminance with vertical and horizonalviewing angle for a particular application. Even though the spatial frequencies of the directional diffuser lens array and LCD panel have been selected to be greatly different and non-integer multiples, some visual banding effects or moire pattern effects may still be apparent to the viewer. conditions. This is especially true at off-axis viewing

This residual moire can be removed by rotating
40

the lens array

with the respect to the LCD array 30, as

illustrated in Figure 12. This rotation of the lens array by

/ 3)

a few degrees (Typically 2 to 16 degrees) from the horizontal axis causes a small change in the effective spatial frequency difference of the two arrays and thereby eliminates the residual moire.

In addition to the angular redistribution of the light
from the directional diffuser, the lens array also provides an additional diffusing effect, especially for any step variations in luminance that are parallel to (or nearly parallel to within a few degrees) the axis of the lens array. This allows the reduction of the thickness or optical density of the
D o c k e t No. A 6 2 1 3 4 9 1 12
7

July 1992

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 49 of 138

conventional diffuser while still achieving the same system luminance uniformity and masking of undesired spatial artifacts from the light source, but with higher luminance at the output. While there have been described above the principals of invention in conjunction with several specific embodiments, it

is to be clearly understood that these descriptions are made
only by way of example and not as a limitation to the scope of the invention.

t

l /(!(, ~ / ( . ? I
Docket No.

I

,t,

~

A6213491

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 50 of 138

CLAIMS

f

Claim A display apparatus comprising:
a 1ight source ; a substantially planar array mou ted adjacent to said light source for receiving light from/said light source, said array comprising a plurality of c

Sh'

r:

/

trollable apertures for

creating an image by controlling t& amount of light from said l light source which is allowed apertures: and luminance control source and said planar variation with light source through planar array. disposed between said light for providing a predetermined transmission from said control means and said pass through each of said

Claim 2.

A display apparatus in accordance with Claim 1 a liquid crystal panel
light transmission with

i

)(i

viewing angle.

y apparatus in accordance with Claim 2 nance control means comprises a first lens rality of individual lenslets.
L

Docket No. A6213491

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 51 of 138

E

e, /

4.

A

display apparatus in accord

I
(

wherein each of said lenslets has a semi cylindrical shape.

P
claim 6,
A

A

display apparatus in a

wherein each of said lenslets has a {riangular

i

I

f

C l a i m 10
ce with Gk&m--5

/"

CldlM 1 0
A cross section.

ordance with

A

display apparatus

accordance with Claim 3 means further comprises a

wherein said luminance controf! second lens array disposed said liquid crystal panel.

een said first lens array and

Claim 7 ,

c\'O-;

M

I0

A

display ap

in accordance with

A==+-

wherein said liquid c

nel comprises a plurality of

I

pixels arranged in row4 and columns, and wherein the number of rows of pixels per unit height, or pitch, of the liquid crystal panel is a first value; the number of lenslets per

, of said first lens array is a second
value which is 1 ss than said first value: and the number of lenslets per u it height, or pitch, of said second lens array is a third va ue which is greater than said first value.

; *

,

.

0

A

display apparatus in accordance with ,plain

I /

wherein said third value is a non-integral multiple of said first value and is also a non-integral multiple of said second
25

value.

-

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 52 of 138

aA
[I

display a p p a r a t d i n first 1ensJray

accordance w i t h Claim 3 r o t a t e d about an a x i s

wherein

said

is

p a n e l i n order to p r o v i d e

a slight
5

l e n l e t s and s a i d l i q u i d

crystal panel.

J

Docket No.

A6213491

16

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 53 of 138

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURK

j/,3

A

display apparatus including a light source, a liquid

crystal panel, and one or more directional diffuser lens arrays disposed therebetween provides a tailored variation of luminance with viewing angle, a uniform variation of luminance with viewing angle within a first predetermined range of viewing angles and a concentration of light energy within a second predetennined range of viewing angles.
I

Docket No.

A6213491

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 54 of 138

A w l i c a t i o n f o r United Stat.

DOCKET NO. A6213491
tent

PATENT

Declaration and Power of Attorney
Ar a k l o u n&
My

Inventor,

I hereby d e c l a r e t h a t :

resldance, v a t o f f l c r address and c l t l z e n s h l p are a8 s t a t 4 b l o w n e x t t o my n a m :

I h l l a v a I a the o r l p l n r l , f i r s t a d c o l a i n v e n t o r ( I f o n l y one n a m i s l i l t e d b e l o u l or an m o r i g i n a t , f l r r r a d i o i n t I n v e n t o r ( i f p l u r a l n m a ara t l l t c d b l o w ) o f t h r r & ) e c t m a t t e r which i s c l a i r n d

-DIRECTIONAL DlFFUSER FOR
A
rha a p . c i f I c r t l o n of u h l c h (check on*)

ardllfor

u h l c h a p l t r n t i s sought m the i ~ v W t I m n t i t l e d a

A

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY"

- uaa f l l r d on

_y_

I8

attachcd hereto as

A w l l c a t l m S a r l a l Yo. a d uaa w r en dd ( I f awllcbble)
I

speclfication,

hereby s t e t e t h a t I have r e v i . u r d e f d . d e r r t m d the contents of l n c l u d l n g the c l a i m , as urrrdd by m y m e d n m r r e f e r r e d t o above. t o the

the

above-idmtlfled

I a c k ~ u l . d g e the & t y t o disclose i n f o m t l o n u h l c h I s r m t e r l a l a w l l c a t l o n I n accordwee u l t h l l t l r 37. C o 6 o f f d r a l R w u l a t l w , (1.56taI.

e x u n i n a t l m of

thlr

I hereby c t a l n f o r e i g n p r l o r i t y b r n f l t s v d e r l l t t * 35, U n l t d States cod;

$119 o f any f o r e l q n

a w i l c a t l o n ( s ) for p t m t or fm.ntor'r c e r t f f l c e t e I l s t d b l o w a d have a I # o i d r n t i f l e d b r l o u any f a r e l q n a p p l l c a t l m t o r wtmt o r i n v . n t o r * s c e r t l f l c a t a having a filing datm h f o r e t h a t o f rhe a p p l l c s t r o n on uhlch p r i o r l t y l a c\blrrd: Priority CLbimd

I her*

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(120

of

a-

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State8

a w l l c a t l o n ( r ) I l a t r d brlw a d , I m o f m r m a - t h e s r b l u t n t t e r o f arch o f the c l a l n o f t h l r a w l l c m r l o n I s m t d l s c l o r 8 d In t h e p r i o r U n l t . 6 s t r t n e L p l l c r r t m In the u r r r p r o v i b d by the f l r s t w r a g r a p h o f T l t l a 3 5 , U n f t d State8 Coda (112. I a c h l . d O a t h e & t y t o d l 8 c l o s e . u t e r i e l I n f a r n u t l o n aa d r f l d I n T l t l r 37, Code o f r r d c r m l R . . p u l a r l m (1.56(aI d l c h o c c u r r c d btmn the f l l l n g U t e o f the p r l o r a p p l l c a t l o n and t h r n a t l m s l o r PC1 l n t e r r u t i o v l f l l l n g d a t e o f t h l r a w l l c a t l m :

( A w l l c r t l m S ~ r l a no.) l
I here4 a p l n t

( f l l l n g Orte)

( S t a t u r ) ( p t m t e d , p n j l n p , abardawd)

the f o l l o u l n g a t t o r m y ( s ) s r d l o r a p r o t ( r 1 t o p r o e w u t a t h l r a w l l c a t l o n and t o tharwlth: Roger Y.

t r a n s a c t a l l b u r l r w m I n t h e P e t m t vd T r d a r k O f f l c m c-trd

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21,111 N . 1 9 AVENUE, DV91, PHOENU ~ ~
OCC-POI (Rev. 3/91)

n-7 W

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 55 of 138

I h r r o b y d u l o r o t h a t a l l s t a t n m n t r mda h e r r l n o f on i n f o r m t i o n and t m l l e f e r a t a l l r v c d t o tm trw:

w om

t m l o d g e a r o tm and t h a t a l l r t a t m t ~ d . ~ a d f u r t h e r t h a t th08e n t a t m m n r r wore wo the or
my

t n o u l c d g e t h a t u l l l f u l f a l s 0 8 t a t m ~ n t S and t h o l l k e s o Nd. a r o p n l r h a b l o by f l n o o r Inprls-t, b o t h , h e r s o c t l m 1001 of T l t l r 18 o f t h o U n l t c d S t a t e r to6 and t h a t j r o p a r d i t o t h e v e l l d l t y o f t h o e p p l l c a t i o n o r any

such u l l l f u l f a l s e s t a t m n t s

mtmt i s a d thereon.

r u l l NW SOLO o r F i r s t Inventor Date

NA

85254

4 7

7-

d

,

19-92

f u l l Ynm o t S r c a - d Joint Invmtor, I f Any ~ n v o n t o r ~ rg n a t u r o sl
Roslde~a

- I NE D SYROID [A I L A I vD
C

_

oatS+l

6627 W. ROBERT E. LEE,_GCEDNDAY, AGZONA 85308

8, 1922

&7,

f u l l N8m o f l h l r d

d

'Tltle

37. Cad. o f l r 6 r a l I w l a t l o o !1.56(1):
A &ty

of

CrdDr

vd w a d f a l t h t w a r d t h o P m t m t ud Tr.danrt

O f f l c o r o r t s m the I n v m t o r ,

on

aoch a t t o r m o r a o w t h o p r w r r r o r p r o a u u t r s t h o a w l l c a t i m a r d m e v e r y o t h e r I r d l v l & s l uho I n e d . t m t l ~ l v lmld In t h o p r - r a t l m o r pra.cutlm o f t h e . p p l l c a t l m a r d r h o Ir aaaoclatod 4 t h t h e l ~ t o r u l t h t h e r e a l m o r u l t h rrpr t o ha t h a r a ,
I8

en o b l l p a t l o n t o a a r l v n the

r w l l c a t l m . 111 r u h I n d l v l d y l s h e r o a c h t y t o d l s c l o s o t o t h a O f f l c e I n f o r m t i o n t h e y a r e r u a r a a t u h l c h 11 m t o r l a l t o t h o o x m l ~ t l c n f t h o a p p l l c a t l m . o S u h I n f o r m t l m i s n u t e r l a l uhoro there i s U m t a n t l a l I l k e l l h o o d that a r r a a a u b l r r x m l n r w l d c a a ( d . r I t irrpartant I n d r c i d l q * a t h e r t o @ l l Wt h o a m l l c a t l m t o l a r w as a prtmt. The & t y I 8 c m m r r u r a t o u l t h the dogror o f I m o l v r m t I n the P r . p r a t l m o r p r m . c u t I m o f t h e a y p l f c a t l m .

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

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Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

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Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

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LUMINANCE - fL

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

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Page 59 of 138

!1

, ,
.

t r u r ut

or-

,ad p : , : ::'\
-BACKU(3M ARRAY (25)

/

IAMBERllAN /DIFFUSER (20)

,

142 LENS 1 INCH ARRAY (40)
1 ,2 7

LCD PANEL MATRIX DOTS I INCH (30)

SINGLE CYLINDRICAL LENS ARRAY FIGURE 4A

EACKUQM ARRAY (25)

lAMBEFmAN

I
- - L_pL
I

(20'

J

142 LENS / INCH ARRAY (40) LCD PANEL MATRIX 172 DOTS I INCH

0H=

HORIZONTAL ANGLE

I

M

VlEW POINT

SINGLE CYLINDRICAL LENS ARRAY
FIGURE 4 8

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

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I

' U OriahUy

r c u b Ul

An-

ill J

! :
-

1

.

RELATIVE LUMINANCE

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

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DIFFUSER

NORMAL RAY

FIGURE 6

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

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'1 J
.-

l r u c 01 Or

oririaru, r u d p
-

'"'

PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
,BACWG i" ASSY (25)
LAMBElTLW DIFFUSER (20)

COURSE CYLINDRICAL LENS ARRAY (42) FINE CYLINDRICAL LENS ARRAY (44)
. MATRK LCD (30)

FIGURE 7

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

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DUAL TANDEM LENS ARRAY

ANGLE - DEGREES

FlP'JRE 8

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Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

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BACtQJGHT ARRAY (25)
I

,

LCD PANEL MATRIX (30)

mcAl
MEW ANGLE

TRIANGULAR LENS ARRAY FIGURE 10

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

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Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

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LENS ARRAY AXlS HORIZONTAL
LENS ARRAY 40

LENS ARRAY AXlS ROTATED BY 8 DEGREES

2 TO16

DEGREES

- LCD MATRIX PANEL 30

FIGURE 12

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

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Page 68 of 138

ATTORNEY'S DOCKET NO.

PLICATION TIUHSMITTAL U T n R

A6213491

T r a n s r n ~ t t e dherewith f o r f i l i n g i s t h e p a t e n t a p p l i c a t i a n of

RICHARD I . MCCARTNEY JR.

ET

for ~

D ~ R E C T ~D I Q F U S ~F RB FOR A U U I D CRYSTAL DISPLAY' F ~ ~

Enclosed a r e : 12 s h e e t s o f d r a w i n g (INFORMAL) 1~ a n a r a i g n m e n t of t h e i n v e n t i o n t o

-

I N C m H Q N E Y W E L L 7 A , M I N N E A P O L I S J MN

a c e r t i f i e d c o p y of a

application. 1 ( associate power of a t t o r n e y .

I
For Total claims..

C1.h.

a r Filed Number Filed -20 = Number Extra

I
Rats Faa

...............................g n d e p e n d e n t c l a i m s . . . ........... B a s i c f e e (minimum amount r e q u i r e d ) ..........
I f f i l i n g m u l t i p l e d e p e n d e n t c l a i m s a d d $220. T o t a l r i l i n g Fee

0

x s20=

0
690.00

I

0
I

690.00
40.00

F o r R e c o r d i n g of A s s i g n m e n t
X -

A d u p l i c a t e copy of t h i r

P l e a s e c h a r g e D e p o a i t A c c o u n t 08-2727 i n t h e amount o f S aheet i m encloeed.

730.00

_i l

The C o m m i s s i o n e r i s h e r e b y a u t h o r i z e d t o c h a r g e any f e e s o r c r e d i t a n y overpayment u n d e r 37 CFR 1.16 a n d 1 . 1 7 w h i c h may b e r e q u i r e d d u r i n g t h e e n t i r e pendency o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n t o D e p o s i t A c c o u n t N o 08-2727. A d u p l i c a t e c o p y o f t h i s s h e e t i s enclosed.
A c h e c k i n t h e amount of S

-

t o cover t h e f i l i n g f e e i s enclosed.

9 JULY1992
date

/ 47

/

-L

- y,r/Lc"t
,'./
~icord

DALE E. JEPSEN
Attorney o

31,379
A t t o r n e y R e g r a t r a t i o n No.

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 69 of 138

UNITED S T A r E S DEPARTMENT Potont r n d Trmdmmmrk Ottlcm

OF COMMERCE

Addrama : C:OMMISSIONER OF PATENTS AN0 TRADEMARKS 'Varhnpton. D.C. 20231
.

.
ATTORNEY DOCKET NO. J

SERIAL NUMBER

FlUNG DATE

FiAST NAMED INVt .I COA

. -

~1/'311,!5.j'?

1 : 7 1 3 / ?

Irli:

i.:UF:TrJEY

R

A.$,213491
EXAMINER

I
1:GL.E E. .TEFSEN I NC:. 21, 1 1 1 N. 19Tl-l A V E N I J E , PiiOENIX I AZ 25027
H i l N E Y WE[-1-

1
]

M0I.H
ART UNiT

[
11V9L.

1

PAPER NUMBER

230.1

3

Ths 11 a annrnun~odon trwn me orafrdmr m charpe ol your aprArrllon COMMISSIONER OF PATEKTS AND TRADEWRKS

eppllcatlon has bean examlned

Responslve to communlcalion llled on

Thlr acllon Is made Ilnal.
y s from the date of thls letter.

A shortened rtalutory p d o d tor re9ponre to this action Is set to axplre

h q

month(8). a

Fallura to r a p o n d Hthln the period lor relponse Wlll cause the appllcallon to become abandoned, Part I T y FOLLOWIN0 A ~ A C H M E N T (ARE PART OF THIS ACTIOH: ~)

35 U.S.C. 133

1 d ~ o t l c 01 References Cltad by Examiner. r l 0 - 8 9 2 . . a
1 .

2.
4.

Notlcs o l Art CIted by Applicant. PTO-1449. Informallon on How to Effect Drawlng Changes. PTO-1474.

d N o t k e re Patent Drlwlnp, PTO-810. Natlce 01 tntormmt Patent Appllcstlon. Form PTO-152

1.
Par( I I

8.

8UMMARY OF ACTION

Of the above, claims

are wlthdram lrom conslderatlon. have been cancelled. ere allowed.
C
I

z
3.

~lelms

0 Clatms
0 ~lmlma
Clalma

are related. are ob)ected to ar* aubjrct to restrlctlon or electlon requlremenl

I.
8.

7.
I.

d'
0

Thls appllcallon has been llled wllh Informal drawlngs under 37 C.F.R. 1.85 whlch era acceplable lor exsmlnatton purposes.

Formal drawlngs are required In reaponse to thls Ottlca acllon. The correcled or rubstllute drawlnps have been recelved on Under 37 C.F.R. 1.84 these drawlngs are 0 acceptable. not acceptable (sea explmnetlon or Notlca re Patent Orawlng, PTO-948).

0.

0

10.

C] The proposed addltlonal or subntllute rheelta) of drawings, llled on
examiner.
dlsapprov*d by the eramlnff ( a w explanallon). The proporad drawinp correcllon. Illad on

has (have) been

approvad by the

11.

. has been

approved.

0

dlsapprovsd (see arplanatlon). b w n rrcelved not b.en rselved

1%

0

AcknoH*(edgmenlIs made of the Clnlm lor prlorlty under U.S.C 119. The certlllad copy has

0

0 bean tlted In parent eppllcallon, ssrlel no.
1. 1

: Illad on

Slnce thls appllcallon appears to be In condlllon lor allowance except lor formal mallerr, prosecullon as to the rnerlts Is c l o ~ In d accordanca wllh the prectlce under Ex parts Ouayle. 1935 C.D. 11: 453 O.G. 213.

14.

0 Other

EXAMMER'S ACTION

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 70 of 138

Serial No. 911,547 Art Unit
2504

The following is a quotation of the appropriate paragraphs of 35 U.S.C. 5 102 that form the basis for the rejections under this section made in this Office action: A person shall be entitled to a patent unless -(a) the invention was known or used by others in this country, or patented or described in a printed publication in this or a foreign country, before the invention thereof by the applicant for a patent. (b) the invention was patented or described in a printed publication in this or a foreign country or in public use or on sale in this country, more than one year prior to the date of application for patent in the United States. Claims 1-5 are rejected under 35
U.S.C.

S 102(a or b) as

being clearly anticipated by Abileah et a1 or IBM (article). The limitations of claims 1-5 are drawn in Abileah et a1.I~
w &;(L ~ y

, , s ; , y

~ i g s .3-4 or IBM1s Fig. 1.

Abileah et a1 teachha light source

100, a substantially planar array 10 and luminance control means

The following is a quotation of 35 U . S . C . S 103 which forms the basis for all obviousness rejections set forth in this Office action: A patent may not be obtained though the invention is not identically disclosed or described as set forth in section 102 of this title; if the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains. Patentability shall not be negatived by the manner in which the invention was made. Subject matter developed by another person, which qualifies as prior art only under subsection ( f ) or (g) of section 102 of this title, shall not preclude patentability under this section where the subject matter and the claimed invention were, at the time the invention was made, owned by the same person or subject to an obligation of assignment to the same person.

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

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Serial No. 911,547 Art Unit
2504

Claims 1-3 and 6-9 are rejected under 35 U.S.C.

§ 103

as

being unpatentable over Abileah et a1 or IBM (article) in view of Hamada . The basic structure of claims 1-3 and 6-9 are shown in Abileah et a l l s Figs. 3-4 or IBM1s Fig. 1, except for a second lens array disposed between the first lens array and the liquid crystal panel. Hamada teaches in Figs. 5A-B and 7 a liquid

crystal display panel having microlens arrays provided at a side of the liquid crystal cell for improving the brightness of the display panel. Therefore, it would have been obvious at the time

the invention was made to one skilled in this art to utilize a liquid crystal display apparatus comprising a light source, a liquid crystal cell and luminance control means having a first lens array and a second lens array interposed between the light source and the liquid crystal cell like Abileah et a1 or I B M f s in view of Hamada. It would have been obvious because of the second

lens array in the Hamada patent for improving the brightness of the displayj One skilled in this art would have been motivated

to combine the Hamadars liquid crystal panel in to the Abileah et a1 or IBM1s display apparatus for improving the brightness display. Therefore, claims 1-3 and 6-9 are unpatentable under 35

USC 103 over Abileah et al. or IBM in view of Hamada.

The prior art made of record and not relied upon is considered pertinent to applicant's disclosure.

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

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Serial No. 911,547 Art Unit
2504

Any inquiry concerning this communication should be directed
to Examiner Huy K. Mai at telephone number (703) 308-4874.

V''I

WILLIAM f SlKES
SUPERVISORY PATENT EXAMINER GROUP ART UNIT 251

Mai/ks September 30, 1992

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

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Page 73 of 138

TO SEPARATE, H O L D TOP A N D BOTTOM EDGES. SNAP-*PART

-

AND OIS?ARD CARBON

?

FORM PTO-892 (REV 3-78)

U 5 DEPARTMENT O F COMMERCE PATENT A N 0 TRAOEMARK OFFICE

sER'AL H0

L;ROUPART(NIT

ATTACHMENT PP A, NUMBER

NOTICE OF REFERENCES CITED

-ARPLICANTISI

'h T

TO

3

ML &Ah.$,
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
DOCUMENT NO DATE ( NAME

r &A
CLASS
SUB CLASS

FILING DATE I F APPROPRIATE

A

S- 1 2 g 1 8 3 7/7)lq2 /

n s G ad- Abe k
& J P ~ , ~ ~ s `if`~QL(

311

ql
40

1 31-

-

9u

c
0
E
F G
H I
J

5 1 0 1 7 - 7 4 3/1&/9~ r o s t 7x3 1 0 / 1 / 4 1

3i7

- 4 b ~ ~ R ~
C *

35-7 41

44

1 6 5 S 11/~1/g3 %,,w-&L

r & L

351 6 4

-

K
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
DOCUMENT NO DATE COUNTRY NAME CLASS PERTINENT SUB PP SHTS c L A ~ ~ OWC SPEC

I

'IL02\
M
N

4 - 8 Lz g-90
4-0 0

"'d"

00 6

(6-77

"

\ & & , -1=107,

3sS
1

67

3 W

L'7

0
P

0

OTHER REFERENCES (Including Author,

Tttle,

Date, Pertinent Pages. Etc )

R

. ahr@
1I

C-

't- -R

L u r ~ 1 )

C,&C
II

drtrGLdL

I!

3altl

I

C

(

~

-

h;co&lese
S
,

LMCAI, \I$

33

T

I

i

U
EXAMINER DATE

q- 2

-7 L

56

-

A copy of th~s reference IS not be~ng furn~shed ~ t hh t s o f f ~ c e w t actlon ( S e e Manual of Patent E x a r n t n ~ n q Procedure, sectlon 707 05 fal I

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

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Page 74 of 138

1I.S. OFPAIITMEIIT OF CIIMMEACE Pats~d l'radamark Oltice and

r3
A~TACHMNT TO PAPER NUMBER . .

NOTICE OF I)RAFi'SMAPJ1SPATEN'T I9IlAMflPIE REVIEW
The PTO Urallsmsrl lnvlniv nll ori~~lnally rltawlrtUs royilnllcsri Illell ol wtiether iliev 1w:re r l e s l f ~ ~ i a l ~ ~ l i - ~ s nr lunnal. Inlnr~tYdl

i
I

--- - --..--.

-. .

A.

The drawi~i~s filsd a18apprnvetl.

G

-11:) I

r< nbjocltj~l under 3 2 (;FR !.lj t tc~ I I W ~ I:IS ~ II lister1 on tlln hack of this Nolico.

~<,,~::IJII(s) ~;herlierlI~?lflvi.~)IC ~?U~IIJIII:~ .&\II~~QII~I~; SII~I~'II~,:S~,~II I ~ I III:~!, I : I i::~rl~t:f?~I ~lr~v~i~lfj:; ire s i r b ~ ~ ~ ~ l l u t l ni~1s1 acr;r~lc!el:l ill Ilir: i:l~;~~:~l.::~l~~i:

Stlozl(s)

-- - .- --

C ]
I_)

2. Sizn of !;l~ebt and Margins. 37 CFli I.!; !(It1
/\u:eptablu Paper Sires a ~ Mar\,i~t;: d
Pqmr Sho

1:ric.s-Crtrss Hatr;l\lrrc~ Not I\((II~NI.I~. I~l(l(!;) ..------.Itituhla I In,: tIatc:hln@Nor k l l o ~ ~ ~ ~ : i l . r i c ( ~ )-- ---Pa,?s 111 SI?~;~I,JII MIISI
It(!

I

l!dit.t~tvl

ri

ncfat,tnco (:l~diact~~s. CFO i.O4(tj 17

b p m p c r Fiji" papor n o ~ ~ ~ i r e d . Sheflts Mu t bo , a fl Sli6. Shoet(s) -

f- 12
n

e&< ,&
1-1

!,\~ni"il~nt \/fi inch (;I? 11>11i.j 111 i!\ll! III is rrrqr~it1111 Fi~l!.s) . .. -.

Propor Marolns Req~rired. St~eet(s) Top night

u

131011

~O~IIIIII

(2Solid fllack Slradino Not Allowed.
Fio(s).
1.

---

Pl~olographs Approved Not

0 Comments:

be directed to the Chlef Reviewing Drafl8man

-

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

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Page 75 of 138

"PATENT"

x!
as

Applicant:

R . McCartney et a1

Serial No.: 07/911,547 Filed: For:
9 July 1992

/

)

Art Unit: 2504 Examiner: H. Hai

1
/

)

"A DIRECTIONAL DIFFUSER FOR A LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY"

..............................................................
AMENDMENT Honorable Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks Washington, D.C. 20231 Dear Sir:

RECEIVED
FED 2 3 1993
GROUP 2500

In response to the Office Action mailed on 2 October
1992,

please

amend

the

above-identified

application

follows: IN THE CLAIMS Kindly delete cla5rns 1, 2 and 3. and 9 as follows:
1, delete Itclaim 311, and

substitute theref

Pi- -

Claim 10

- -.
_ -___
apparatus in accordance with

In claim 7/at therefor

line 1, delete "Claim 6", and substitute

--

Claim 10

- -.

-----

Claim 9. (Amended) A dis

liquid crystal panel i

to provide a slight misalignment

Docket No. A6213491

1

2 February 1993

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 76 of 138

Kindly add new c l a i m 1 0 a s f o l l o w s : Claim 10.

A d i s p l a y apparat#comprising:

a l i g h t source; a l i q u i d c r y s t a l pa source f o r receiv f i r s t and second 1 individual lenslets said liquid crys el

/

ounted a d j a c e n t t o s a i d l i g h t s a i d l i g h t s o u r c e : and

r a y s , e a c h having a p l u r a l i t y of d between s a i d l i g h t s o u r c e and for providing a predetermined

v a r i a t i o n w i t h v' wing a n g l e of l i g h t t r a n s m i s s i o n from s a i d l i g h t s o u r c e t h o u g h s a i d l e n s a r r a y s and s a i d l i q u i d c r y s t a l

ta

REMARKS

The

applicants

wish

to

thank

the

Examiner

for

his

c i t a t i o n t o t h e n o t e d r e f e r e n c e s and h i s accompanying remarks. While t h e c i t e d r e f e r e n c e s a r e c e r t a i n l y p e r t i n e n t t o t h e claimed i n v e n t i o n , a p p l i c a n t s r e s p e c t f u l l y d i s a g r e e with t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e c i t e d r e f e r e n c e s by t h e Examiner and h i s c o n c l u s i o n s drawn t h e r e f r o m .

The Examiner h a s r e j e c t e d c l a i m s 1-5 under 3 5 USC 1 0 2 ( a
o r b ) a s b e i n g c l e a r l y a n t i c i p a t e d by A b i l e a h e t a 1 o r t h e c i t e d IBM a r t i c l e . While n o t n e c e s s a r i l y p r o v i d i n g t h e same

f u n c t i o n , t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e s e r e f e r e n c e s does a p p e a r t o be s i m i l a r t o t h a t of a p p l i c a n t s ' i n v e n t i o n . In order t o further

p r o s e c u t i o n of t h e a p p l i c a t i o n , c l a i m s 1-3 have been d e l e t e d Docket No. A6213491
2
2 February 1993

Case 1:04-cv-01338-JJF

Document 991-3

Filed 03/24/2008

Page 77 of 138

and claims 4 and 5 amended to depe~ld from new claim 10. In addition, the Examiner has rejected claims 1-3 and 6-9 under 35 USC 103 as being unpatentable over Abileah et a1 or the IBM article in view of Hamada. Applicants have added new claim 10 which essentially includes the limitations of claims
1-3 and 6, resultintj in a new claim for an apparatus having

two lens arrays. The Examiner contends that it would have been obvious, in view of Hamada, to add a second lens array to the structure of Abileah or IBM. In order to support a combination of refer-

ences under 3 5 USC 103 there must be some suggestion for the combination. As the Hamada reference is concerned with a

projection apparatus, there would be no suggestion to use the dual lens arrays of Hamada in the direct view apparatus of Abileah or IBM. Particularly since the dual lens array of

Hamada is used to overcome a problem specifically associated with projection displays. The two lens arrays of Hamada are used in a projection device to reduce the dimming at the outer edges. As such the

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